{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:51:56Z","timestamp":1779105116911,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) are common gastrointestinal problems in children, and the pathophysiology is thought to be multifactorial. Adverse early life events (ELE) induce alterations in the central nervous system, perhaps predisposing individuals to develop FAPDs. We aimed to study the potential adverse ELE that are associated with FAPDs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We steered a school-based survey involving 1000 children from 4 randomly selected schools. FAPDs were assessed using the translated Rome III questionnaire, and ELE were identified using a pre-tested, parental questionnaire. FAPDs were diagnosed using the Rome III criteria.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hundred and eighty-two (182) children had FAPDs (62.1% girls, mean age 8.5, SD 2.1). ELE of them were compared with 571 children without FAPDs (51.1% girls, mean age 8.8, SD 1.9). According to the binary logistic regression analysis, family members with abdominal pain, family member with chronic pain other than abdominal pain, prenatal maternal complications and interventional deliveries, were recognized as potential risk factors for the development of FAPDs. Breast feeding over two years has shown to reduce the prevalence of FAPDs.a.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prenatal maternal medical problems are associated a with higher prevalence of FAPDs later in life. Prolonged breastfeeding and normal vaginal delivery could be considered as factors that reduce the vulnerability of developing FAPDs in children. Therefore, minimizing pregnancy-related complications, encouraging vaginal deliveries, and encouraging breastfeeding are potentially valuable measures to prevent FAPDs during childhood.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T17:55:08Z","timestamp":1667411708000},"page":"e0275419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Early life events in functional abdominal pain disorders in children"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5836-6329","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amaranath","family":"Karunanayake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niranga Manjuri","family":"Devanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaman","family":"Rajindrajith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"150","key":"pone.0275419.ref001","article-title":"Quality of life and health care consultation in 13 to 18 year olds with abdominal pain predominant functional gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"14","author":"NM Devanarayana","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275419.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0760-8","article-title":"Functional gastrointestinal diseases and psychological maladjustment, personality traits and quality of life","volume":"18","author":"N Ranasinghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0275419.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200612000-00001","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a comparative analysis","volume":"27","author":"JW Varni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275419.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2012.07257.x","article-title":"Functional gastrointestinal disorders in adolescents and quality of school life","volume":"28","author":"T Sagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0275419.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001023","volume":"62","author":"AS Rouster","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0275419.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12542","article-title":"Inpatient burden of childhood functional GI disorders in the USA: an analysis of national trends in the USA from 1997 to 2009","volume":"27","author":"R Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0275419.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41753.x","article-title":"The natural history of childhood abdominal pain and its association with adult irritable bowel syndrome: birth-cohort study","volume":"100","author":"S Howell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7139","key":"pone.0275419.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7139.1196","article-title":"Why do children have chronic abdominal pain, and what happens to them when they grow up? 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