{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:51:14Z","timestamp":1780087874830,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences have caused fear and anxiety worldwide and imposed a significant physical and psychological burden on people, especially women living with HIV (WLHIV). However, WLHIV were not studied as well as others during the pandemic. Hence, this study aimed to determine the relationships between COVID-19 phobia, health anxiety, and social relations in WLHIV.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This cross-sectional study enrolled 300 WLHIV who had records at the Iranian Research Center for HIV\/AIDS of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using sociodemographic questionnaire, the fear of COVID-19 scale, the social relations questionnaire, the socioeconomic status scale and the health anxiety inventory. Path-analysis was used to assess the direct and indirct associations between variables.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Based on the path analysis, among variables that had significant causal relationships with social relations, socioeconomic status (\u03b2 = -0.14) showed the greatest negative relationship, and health anxiety (\u03b2 = 0.11) had the strongest positive relationship on the direct path. On the indirect path, fear of COVID-19 (\u03b2 = 0.049) displayed the greatest positive relationship. The level of education (\u03b2 = 0.29) was the only variable showing a significant positive relationship with social relations on both direct and indirect paths.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our result showed that increased fear and health anxiety related to a higher social relations score in WLHIV. Hence, due to their vulnerability, these people require more support and education to adhere to health protocols in future pandemics and similar situations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T17:26:08Z","timestamp":1664904368000},"page":"e0275455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Relationships among COVID-19 phobia, health anxiety, and social relations in women living with HIV in Iran: A path analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Aliverdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Bayat Jozani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nooshin","family":"Ghavidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9465-7588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Qorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nami","family":"Mohammadian Khonsari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farima","family":"Mohamadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoo","family":"Mohraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Mahmoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0275455.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113230","article-title":"Fear and agony of the pandemic leading to stress and mental illness: an emerging crisis in the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak","volume":"291","author":"NK Fofana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275455.ref002","first-page":"103","article-title":"anxiety and health-related consequences after the COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"17","author":"Porcelli P. 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