{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T10:56:09Z","timestamp":1791543369133,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maxillofacial trauma can be limited to superficial lacerations, abrasions, and facial bone fractures. The objective of this study was to determine the etiology, pattern, and predictors of soft tissue and bony injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted in the department of maxillofacial surgery Lady Reading hospital Pakistan from Jan 2019 to June 2021. The nonprobability consecutive sampling technique was used for the selection of patients. All patients were assessed clinically and radiologically. The neurosensory examination was done for any altered sensation, anesthesia, or paresthesia. Motor nerve function was also assessed clinically. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. The etiology and pattern of maxillofacial trauma were stratified among age and genders using the chi-square test to see effect modifiers. Tests for regression analysis were also applied. P\u22640.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 253 patients meeting inclusion criteria were included in this study. The majority of these patients were males, 223 (88.1%), while only 30 (11.9%) were females. The mean age for the group was 25.4 \u00b1 12.6 years. RTAs were the most common causes of trauma (63.6%) followed by assault (15.0%), falls (11.5%), FAIs (5.9%), and sports (0.4%). The most vulnerable skeletal part was the mandible (22.9%) followed by Zygoma (7.1%), significantly predicted by RTAs. Soft tissue laceration analysis showed a high frequency of multiple lacerations (38%) significantly predicted by FAIs. The frequency of trigeminal nerve injury was 5.5% (14 patients) and that of the facial nerve was 1.6% (4 patients). The strongest association of nerve injury was with firearm injury (47%), followed by road traffic accidents and sports injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Road traffic accident was the most common etiological factor and mandible fracture was commonly predicted by RTA. Trigeminal nerve injuries were common, frequency of nerve injuries was highly associated with mandible fracture and was predicted by FAI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T15:20:54Z","timestamp":1664464854000},"page":"e0275515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Etiology and pattern of maxillofacial trauma"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tahir Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Rahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zafar Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laima","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Sabahat","family":"Banouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-0658","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nawshad","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0275515.ref001","first-page":"1606","article-title":"Pattern of maxillofacial trauma; a five years study of 3360 cases","volume":"22","author":"T Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prof Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0275515.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2808","article-title":"Patterns and etiology of maxillofacial fractures: A 5-year retrospective study","volume":"21","author":"NNFA Alharbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275515.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5249\/jivr.v5i2.331","article-title":"A comprehensive study on maxillofacial trauma conducted in Yamunanagar India","volume":"5","author":"R Bali","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Inj Violence Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0275515.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2015.07.007","article-title":"Incidence and pattern of mandibular fractures in Rohilkhand region, Uttar pardesh state, India: a retrospective study","volume":"5","author":"KY Giri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275515.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_233_18","article-title":"The patterns and etiology of maxillofacial trauma in south India","volume":"9","author":"RP Abhinav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275515.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2018.10.001","article-title":"Patterns of maxillofacial fractures in Hofuf, Saudi Arabia: A 10-year retrospective case series","volume":"31","author":"M Al-Bokhamseen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0275515.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006719","article-title":"Epidemiology and pattern of oral and maxillofacial trauma","volume":"31","author":"NW Patiguli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275515.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-5950.196139","article-title":"Trends of maxillofacial fractures in the Garhwal himalayas at government medical college, Srinagar Uttarakhand","volume":"7","author":"A Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl J Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0275515.ref009","first-page":"417","article-title":"Etiology, pattern and management of maxillofacial fractures in patients seen at Mayo hospital, Lahore Pakistan","volume":"34","author":"EU Haq","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak Oral Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275515.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2012.10.004","article-title":"Patterns and etiology of maxillofacial fractures in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"WA Abdullah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"pone.0275515.ref011","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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