{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:14:02Z","timestamp":1789449242447,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intermittent fasting (IF) is an alternating pattern of restricting eating. This study evaluated mental and physical fatigue secondary to IF (daily 18-hour fast, 7-days-a-week) in the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced male obese Sprague Dawley rats. Fifty-four rats were randomly assigned to a HFD (n = 28) or a standard diet (SD; n = 26). After six weeks, the HFD rats were divided into one of four groups: obese HFD <jats:italic>ad libitum<\/jats:italic> (OB-HFD-AL), obese HFD-IF (OB-HFD-IF), obese SD-AL (OB-SD-AL), and obese SD-IF (OB-SD-IF). Similarly, non-obese controls were grouped into HFD-AL (C-HFD-AL), non-obese HFD-IF (C-HFD-IF), non-obese SD-AL (C-SD-AL), and non-obese SD-IF (C-SD-IF). After 2 weeks of IF, mental and physical fatigue were measured using open field (OF) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. Rats on IF gained weight at a slower pace (<jats:italic>p&lt;<\/jats:italic>0.05) and had lower glucose levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01) compared to the AL group. In non-obese rats, ketone levels were higher in the IF-HFD group than IF-SD (p&lt;0.05) and AL-SD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01) animals. Obese rats exhibited elevated blood ketone levels in IF-SD conditions versus AL-SD rats (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01). AL-HFD rats had higher ketone levels than AL-SD animals in both obese and non-obese groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). In conclusion, rats with higher blood ketone levels, whether they were on IF or AL, traveled a greater distance during OF suggesting a lack of physical fatigue. There was no significant difference between IF and AL during NOR indicating a lack of mental fatigue. Thus, IF results in reduced body weight and blood glucose levels but does not induce physical or mental fatigue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T17:25:45Z","timestamp":1667409945000},"page":"e0275684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Intermittent fasting and mental and physical fatigue in obese and non-obese rats"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Paige","family":"Niepoetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Butts-Wilmsmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-8707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chaya","family":"Gopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0275684.ref001","first-page":"10","article-title":"Obesity: Definition, Comorbidities, Causes, and Burden","volume":"22","author":"CM Apovian","year":"2016","journal-title":"THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MANAGED CARE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275684.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.04.015","article-title":"Depression and obesity: A meta-analysis of community-based studies","volume":"178","author":"L de Wit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"pone.0275684.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2017.10.005","article-title":"Inflammation and gut-brain axis link obesity to cognitive dysfunction: plausible pharmacological interventions","volume":"37","author":"M Solas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Pharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0275684.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.7.824","article-title":"Association Between Obesity and Psychiatric Disorders in the US Adult Population","volume":"63","author":"GE Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0275684.ref005","article-title":"Intermittent fasting for obesity and related disorders: unveiling myths, facts, and presumptions","author":"B Halpern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275684.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2016-003248","article-title":"Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"L Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0275684.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.02.018","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting and Human Metabolic Health","volume":"115","author":"RE Patterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0275684.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1044-0","article-title":"Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16\/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males","volume":"14","author":"T Moro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0275684.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102442","article-title":"Effectiveness of Intermittent Fasting and Time-Restricted Feeding Compared to Continuous Energy Restriction for Weight Loss","volume":"11","author":"CA Rynders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275684.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22065","article-title":"Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting: Flipping the Metabolic Switch","volume":"26","author":"SD Anton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"pone.0275684.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130024","volume-title":"Comprehensive Physiology","author":"L. 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