{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:29:14Z","timestamp":1766050154317,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Philippine government significantly raised cigarette excise taxes in 2013, following passage of the landmark Sin Tax Reform Act of 2012. As a result, cigarette prices increased substantially. Given varying smokers\u2019 responses to the price increase, we examined underlying typologies of Filipino smokers and assessed how these typologies determine smoking intensity. We used cross-sectional data from the 2015 wave of the Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey (N = 1,651). To uncover typologies, random effects latent class modelling was used on six individual smoker responses (attempting to stop, thinking about quitting, decreasing sticks smoked, switching to cheaper brands, buying in bulk, and asking from others). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed to uncover determinants of typologies and smoking intensity. We found two typologies based on smokers\u2019 response. The first group, called \u201cpotential quitters\u201d (62.62%), is composed of smokers who are more likely to consider quitting and decrease sticks smoked. The second group, called \u201cunlikely to quit\u201d (37.38%), have smokers who opt for price-minimization strategies like switching to cheaper brands, buying in bulk, or asking cigarettes from others. Potential quitters tend to be female, a student, and less nicotine dependent. They smoke up to three fewer sticks than those unlikely to quit, controlling for other factors. Nicotine dependence stood out as the most important predictor of being in the unlikely to quit group. The dominant role of nicotine dependence in determining a smoker\u2019s typology points to the need for non-price based measures, such as those targeted towards highly-nicotine dependent smokers, to complement tax-induced price increases and comprehensively address the smoking problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T17:57:36Z","timestamp":1665683856000},"page":"e0275840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A dichotomy of smokers in the Philippines following sin tax reform: Distinguishing potential quitters from those unlikely to quit"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8931-4086","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kent Jason Go","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0898-2200","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miguel Antonio Garcia","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10258","key":"pone.0275840.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"C. J. L. Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10082","key":"pone.0275840.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30819-X","article-title":"Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"389","author":"M. B. Reitsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"journal-title":"Global Adult Tobacco Survey Philippines: Country Report 2015","year":"2016","author":"Department of Health\u2014Philippines, & Philippine Statistics Authority","key":"pone.0275840.ref003"},{"journal-title":"World Development Indicators","year":"2022","author":"World Bank","key":"pone.0275840.ref004"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0275840.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284692","article-title":"Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980\u20132012","volume":"311","author":"M. Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA\u2014Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0275840.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq103","article-title":"\u201cHardcore\u201ddefinitions and their application to a population-based sample of smokers","volume":"12","author":"M. L. Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nicotine and Tobacco Research"},{"key":"pone.0275840.ref007","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Those Who Continue to Smoke (Tobacco Control Monograph No. 15)","author":"D. M. Burns","year":"2003"},{"journal-title":"REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10351; An Act Restructuring the Excise Tax on Alcohol and Tobacco Products by Amending Sections 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 8, 131 and 288 of Republic Act No. 8424. otherwise Known as the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997","year":"2012","author":"Congress of the Republic of the Philippines","key":"pone.0275840.ref008"},{"key":"pone.0275840.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106042","article-title":"Price elasticity of cigarette smoking demand in the Philippines after the 2012 Sin Tax Reform Act","volume":"134","author":"K. J. G. Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"volume-title":"2015 Family Income and Expenditure Survey","year":"2017","author":"Philippine Statistics Authority","key":"pone.0275840.ref010"},{"volume-title":"Highlights on Household Population, Number of Households, and Average Household Size of the Philippines (2015 Census of Population)","year":"2016","author":"Philippine Statistics Authority","key":"pone.0275840.ref011"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0275840.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.039982","article-title":"Effectiveness of tax and price policies in tobacco control","volume":"20","author":"F. J. 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Calica","year":"2019","journal-title":"One News"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0275840","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T17:58:14Z","timestamp":1665683894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0275840"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Edward Jay","family":"Trapido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0275840","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]}}}