{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:50:10Z","timestamp":1789203010424,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2 TR002646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2 TR002646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23-MH122579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-MH122579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1-MH074457-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-MH074457-14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tinnitus is a common, functionally disabling condition of often unknown etiology. Neuroimaging research to better understand tinnitus is emerging but remains limited in scope. Voxel-based physiology (VBP) studies detect tinnitus-associated pathophysiology by group-wise contrast (tinnitus vs controls) of resting-state indices of hemodynamics, metabolism, and neurovascular coupling. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) detects tinnitus-associated neurodegeneration by group-wise contrast of structural MRI. Both VBP and VBM studies routinely report results as atlas-referenced coordinates, suitable for coordinate-based meta-analysis (CBMA). Here, 17 resting-state VBP and 8 VBM reports of tinnitus-associated regional alterations were meta-analyzed using activation likelihood estimation (ALE). Acknowledging the need for data-driven insights, ALEs were performed at two levels of statistical rigor: corrected for multiple comparisons and uncorrected. The corrected ALE applied cluster-level inference thresholding by intensity (z-score &gt; 1.96; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) followed by family-wise error correction for multiple comparisons (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05, 1000 permutations) and fail-safe correction for missing data. The corrected analysis identified one significant cluster comprising five foci in the posterior cingulate gyrus and precuneus, that is, not within the primary or secondary auditory cortices. The uncorrected ALE identified additional regions within auditory and cognitive processing networks. Taken together, tinnitus is likely a dysfunction of regions spanning multiple canonical networks that may serve to increase individuals\u2019 interoceptive awareness of the tinnitus sound, decrease capacity to switch cognitive sets, and prevent behavioral and cognitive attention to other stimuli. It is noteworthy that the most robust tinnitus-related abnormalities are not in the auditory system, contradicting collective findings of task-activation literature in tinnitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T17:35:09Z","timestamp":1666114509000},"page":"e0276140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Invariant structural and functional brain regions associated with tinnitus: A meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-3801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John C.","family":"Moring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima T.","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7015-2980","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jodie","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-2936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan L.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Resick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Esquivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter T.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0276140.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.32","article-title":"Stroop facilitation in tinnitus patients: an experiment conducted via the world wide web","volume":"8","author":"G. 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Eggermont","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0276140.ref005","first-page":"130","article-title":"Experiencing tinnitus: which factors are important for perceived severity of the symptom?","volume":"9","author":"J. Unterrainer","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Tinnitus Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0276140.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJA-15-0006","article-title":"Acceptance Mediates the Relationship Between Tinnitus-Related Cognitions and Anxiety Sensitivity","volume":"24","author":"J. Moring","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Audiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0276140.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1258\/0022215041615182","article-title":"Earliest historic reference of \u2018tinnitus\u2019 is controversial","volume":"118","author":"S. Dietrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Laryngology & Otology"},{"key":"pone.0276140.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.plm.2021.02.002","volume-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation","author":"F. T. Husain","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"pone.0276140.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1131","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation","volume":"16","author":"P. E. Turkeltaub","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0276140.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn789","article-title":"Opinion: Mapping context and content: the BrainMap model","volume":"3","author":"P. T. 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Carpenter-Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"pone.0276140.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.09.011","article-title":"Aberrant spontaneous brain activity in chronic tinnitus patients revealed by resting-state functional MRI","volume":"6","author":"Y. C. Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage. Clinical"},{"key":"pone.0276140.ref040","article-title":"Altered intra-and interregional synchronization in resting-state cerebral networks associated with chronic tinnitus","volume":"2015","author":"Y.-C. Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"pone.0276140.ref041","first-page":"22","article-title":"Resting-State Brain Abnormalities in Chronic Subjective Tinnitus: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Y. C. Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0276140.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216519830237","article-title":"Alterations in regional homogeneity in patients with unilateral chronic tinnitus","volume":"23","author":"A. Gentil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Hearing"},{"key":"pone.0276140.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.015","article-title":"Asymmetry in primary auditory cortex activity in tinnitus patients and controls","volume":"256","author":"L. Geven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0276140.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.032","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity density mapping of etiology confirmed unilateral pulsatile tinnitus patients: Altered functional hubs in the early stage of disease","volume":"310","author":"L. 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M\u00fchlau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"pone.0276140.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.11.012","article-title":"Changes in gray and white matter in subgroups within the tinnitus population","volume":"1679","author":"S. A. Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"pone.0276140.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.08.052","article-title":"Functional MRI evidence for a role of ventral prefrontal cortex in tinnitus","volume":"1485","author":"A. Seydell-Greenwald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0276140.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0115122","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115122","article-title":"Tinnitus: a large VBM-EEG correlational study","volume":"10","author":"S. 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