{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:25:15Z","timestamp":1792895115348,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKAID","award":["This study was funded by the Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh (FF48-416FFCGB1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["This study was funded by the Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh (FF48-416FFCGB1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irrational and inappropriate use of antibiotics in commercial chicken production can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to assess antibiotic usage in commercial chicken production in Bangladesh, and identify factors associated with this practice. We conducted a large-scale cross-sectional study to collect information on antibiotic usage in commercial chickens from January to May 2021. Structured interviews were conducted with 288 broiler, 288 layer and 192 Sonali (locally-produced cross-bred) farmers in 20 sub-districts across Bangladesh. The frequency of antibiotic usage, the types of antibiotics and purpose of usage were estimated for each production type. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated to measure the association between antibiotic usage and factors related to the characteristics of the farms and farmers using multivariable logistic regression models. The proportion of farms, irrespective of their production type, reporting usage of antibiotics in the 24 hours preceding the interview was 41% (n = 314, 95% CI: 37\u201344%). Forty-five percent (n = 344, 41\u201348%) reported antibiotic usage in the last 72 hours, 86% (n = 658, 83\u201388%) in the last 14 days, and almost all farms, 98% (n = 753, 97\u201399%), had used antibiotics since the start of their production cycle. Use of antibiotics in the 24 hours preceding an interview was more frequently reported in broiler (OR 1.91, 95% CI: 1.36\u20132.69) and Sonali (OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.33\u20132.33) than layer farms. Oxytetracycline (23\u201331%, depending on production type), doxycycline (18\u201325%), ciprofloxacin (16\u201326%) and amoxicillin (16\u201344%) were the most frequently used antibiotics. Antibiotics were reported to be used for both treatment and prophylactic purposes on most farms (57\u201367%). Usage of antibiotics in the 24h preceding an interview was significantly associated with the occurrence of any illnesses in chickens (aOR broiler: 41.22 [95% CI:13.63\u2013124.62], layer: aOR 36.45[9.52\u2013139.43], Sonali: aOR 28.47[4.97\u2013162.97]). Antibiotic usage was mainly advised by veterinary practitioners (45\u201371%, depending on production type), followed by feed dealers (21\u201340%) and farmers (7\u201313%). Improvement of chicken health through good farming practices along with changes in key stakeholders (feed dealers and practitioners) attitudes towards antibiotic recommendations to farmers, may help to reduce the levels of antibiotic usage and thus contribute to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T13:32:23Z","timestamp":1666013543000},"page":"e0276158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Antibiotic usage practices and its drivers in commercial chicken production in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3053-4241","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sukanta","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6998-1201","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Fourni\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damer","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Henning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1763-0773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricia","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Ahasanul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumon","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahana","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paritosh Kumar","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5054-9243","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zubair","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaleda","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-5832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Ariful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Mahbubur","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludvic","family":"Pelligand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zobaidul Haque","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmudur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Tomley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitish","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahmida","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0276158.ref001","author":"Organization, W.H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Monitoring and evaluation of the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance: framework and recommended indicators"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0276158.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2006.06.002","article-title":"Bacterial resistance: a sensitive issue: complexity of the challenge and containment strategy in Europe","volume":"9","author":"W. 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Imam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in veterinary science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0276158.ref016","first-page":"276","article-title":"Antibiotic usage patterns in selected broiler farms of Bangladesh and their public health implications","volume":"2","author":"K.S. Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health in Developing Countries"},{"key":"pone.0276158.ref017","author":"Bangladesh Gazette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Feed and Animal Feed Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0276158.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e028215","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028215","article-title":"Pathways of antibiotic use in Bangladesh: qualitative protocol for the PAUSE study","volume":"9","author":"E.K. 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Aidara-Kane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0276158.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.02.020","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in Belgian broiler production","volume":"105","author":"D. Persoons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Preventive veterinary medicine"},{"key":"pone.0276158.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v113\/i10\/1846-1857","article-title":"Rational use of antimicrobials in animal production: a prerequisite to stem the tide of antimicrobial resistance","author":"S.D. Thakur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0276158.ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antibiotic use in chicken farms in northwestern China","volume":"9","author":"J. Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0276158","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T13:33:08Z","timestamp":1666013588000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0276158"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Butaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0276158","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}