{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:05:14Z","timestamp":1793379914419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sleep duration has declined in adolescents over the last 30 years and screen use has been identified as a risk factor. Studies have examined the duration of screen use and screen-based activities but have not differentiated between evening and night-time use.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cross sectional questionnaire survey of adolescents recruited in schools. Sleep habits on school nights and weekends, symptoms of insomnia and daytime repercussions were recorded using an online questionnaire administered in the classroom setting. Sleep deprivation (&lt;7 hours in bed \/night), school night sleep restriction (\u22652 hours difference in sleep duration on school nights vs weekends), excessive sleepiness (score &gt;6 on a visual analogue scale), duration of screen use and timing of screen use (evening vs after bedtime) were determined.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>2513 students (53.4% female, median age 15 years) were included. 20% were sleep deprived and 41% sleep restricted. A clear dose effect relationship in a model controlling for age, sex, school level and sociodemographic class was seen with all levels of night-time screen use on sleep deprivation and sleep restriction (&gt;2 hours use sleep deprivation OR 5.23[3.03\u20139.00]. sleep restriction OR 2.05[1.23\u20133.42]) and &gt; 2 hours evening use (&gt;2 hours use sleep deprivation OR 2.72[2.15\u20133.44] sleep restriction OR 1.69[1.36\u20132.11]) but not moderate evening use. All night-time use and &gt; 2 hours evening use increased the risk of insomnia, non refreshing sleep, and affected daytime function (daytime sleepiness, lack of energy and irritability).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Both duration of screen use and timing are associated with adverse effects on sleep and daytime functioning in adolescents. More than 2 hours evening use and all night-time use should be avoided.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T18:22:53Z","timestamp":1666290173000},"page":"e0276226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Do both timing and duration of screen use affect sleep patterns in adolescents?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-4430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Hartley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Royant-Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayla","family":"Zayoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Gremy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bobette","family":"Matulonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0276226.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2016.11.006","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep quality recommendations: first report","volume":"3","author":"M Ohayon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Heal"},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref002","first-page":"195","article-title":"A two process model of sleep regulation","volume":"1","author":"AA Borb\u00e9ly","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hum Neurobiol."},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.48.1.253","article-title":"Circadian rhythms: basic neurobiology and clinical applications","volume":"48","author":"RY Moore","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref004","first-page":"R161","article-title":"Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker","volume":"246","author":"S Daan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6708a1","article-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance\u2014United States, 2017","volume":"67","author":"L Kann","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00278.x","article-title":"Trends in the duration of school-day sleep among 10- to 15-year-old South Australians between 1985 and 2004","volume":"96","author":"J Dollman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.03.005","article-title":"In search of lost sleep: secular trends in the sleep time of school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"L Matricciani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6405","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06405.2001","article-title":"Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: Evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor","volume":"21","author":"GC Brainard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.12.006","article-title":"Advanced sleep schedules affect circadian gene expression in young adults with delayed sleep schedules","volume":"14","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01413.2009","article-title":"Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans","volume":"110","author":"KE West","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0276226.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.02.006","article-title":"Reading from an iPad or from a book in bed: The impact on human sleep. 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