{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:27:46Z","timestamp":1781821666200,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consortium for Advanced research Training in Africa","award":["54100113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["54100113"]}]},{"name":"Consortium for Advanced research Training in Africa","award":["G-19-57145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G-19-57145"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015773","name":"Consortium de Recherche et d\u2019innovation en A\u00e9rospatiale au Qu\u00e9bec","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107768\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107768\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dental caries is among the most frequent oral conditions in People Living with HIV\/AIDS (PLWHA). There is a lack of baseline information on dental caries prevalence and associated risk factors among PLWHA in comparison to HIV uninfected people in Rwanda.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors among PLWHA and HIV uninfected adults at an HIV clinic of Kigali Teaching Hospital (CHUK) in Kigali, Rwanda.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 PLWHA and 200 HIV uninfected adults aged 18 years and above attending an HIV clinic of CHUK. An oral examination was performed by a calibrated examiner. Dental caries were assessed using the WHO Decayed (D), Missing (M), and Filled Teeth (F) index (DMFT). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, t-tests, and multiple binary logistic regression were used to analyze data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, a higher prevalence (50.5%) of PLWHA had experienced dental caries (DMFT&gt;0) compared to HIV uninfected counterparts (40.5%) (p = 0.045). The prevalence of Decayed teeth (D) was also higher (23.5%) among PLWHA compared to HIV uninfected persons (13.6%) (p = 0.011). The Mean(SD) DMFT scores among PLWHA and HIV uninfected participants were 2.28 (3.68) and 1.29 (2.21) respectively (p = 0.001). After performing multiple binary logistic regression analysis, the predictors of dental caries in PLWHA were being female (OR = 2.33; 95%CI = 1.14\u20134.75), frequent dental visits (OR = 4.50; 95% CI = 1.46\u201313.86) and detectable RNA viral load (OR = 4.50; 95% CI = 1.46\u201313.86). In HIV uninfected participants, the middle age range (36\u201345 years), and frequent dental visits were significantly associated with dental caries (OR = 6.61; 95%CI = 2.14\u201320.37) and (OR = 3.42; 95%CI: 1.337\u20138.760) respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of dental caries was higher in PLWHA than in HIV uninfected counterparts. The reported higher prevalence of caries in PLWHA was associated with being female, detectable viral load, and frequent dental visits. Therefore, there is a need for effective oral health interventions specific to PLWHA in Rwanda to raise awareness of the risk of dental caries and provide preventive oral health services among this population. To ensure timely oral health care amongPLWHA, there is a need for an effort from policymakers and other stakeholders to integrate oral health care services within the HIV treatment program in Rwanda.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T17:49:36Z","timestamp":1680803376000},"page":"e0276245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors among People Living with HIV\/AIDS and HIV uninfected adults at an HIV clinic in Kigali, Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7980-1107","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julienne","family":"Murererehe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Malele-Kolisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Niragire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerasamy","family":"Yengopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0276245.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7862923","article-title":"The Link between Oral and General Health.","volume":"2019","author":"W Sabbah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Dent [Internet]."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0276245.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2021.1942544","article-title":"Caries experience by socio-behavioural characteristics in HIV-1-infected and uninfected Ugandan mothers\u2013a multilevel analysis.","volume":"80","author":"N Birungi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand [Internet]."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0276245.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0251056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251056","article-title":"Association between number of teeth and Alzheimer\u2019s disease using the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan","volume":"16","author":"M Tsuneishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One [Internet]."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0276245.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01803-w","article-title":"Associations between dental caries and systemic diseases: a scoping review.","volume":"21","author":"A Sabharwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health [Internet]."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0276245.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.47895\/amp.v53i5.73","article-title":"Factors Influencing Dental Caries in HIV \/ AIDS Patients.","volume":"53","author":"R Palupi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med Philipp"},{"key":"pone.0276245.ref006","first-page":"480247","article-title":"Oral Health Status and Oromucosal Lesions in Patients Living with HIV\/AIDS in India: A Comparative Study.","volume":"2014","author":"S Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0276245.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702009000100005","article-title":"Xerostomy, dental caries and periodontal disease in HIV+ patients","volume":"13","author":"JC Cavasin Filho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0276245.ref008","author":"WHO","year":"2021","journal-title":"THE GLOBAL HEALTH OBSERVATORY"},{"key":"pone.0276245.ref009","author":"WHO","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global HIV Epidemic"},{"key":"pone.0276245.ref010","first-page":"1","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2015","journal-title":"NATIONAL HIV\/AIDS TARGETS 2018-2020-2030."},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0276245.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dental caries in association with viral load in children living with HIV in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: a cross \u2010 sectional study.","volume":"159","author":"K Kikuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"pone.0276245.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2008.03645.x","article-title":"Special Anniversary Review: Twenty-five years of human immunodeficiency virus research: successes and challenges","volume":"152","author":"RA Weiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br Soc Immunol Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"July 2003","key":"pone.0276245.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1601-0825.2003.00994.x","article-title":"HIV Disease \/ Oral Medicine Effect of PI-HAART on the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-1 infected patients","volume":"10","author":"O Nicolatou-Galitis","year":"2004","journal-title":"A Greek study. 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