{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T18:18:52Z","timestamp":1755800332587,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study determined the association between respiratory symptoms and death from cardiovascular (CV) diseases during 45 years in a pooled sample of four cohorts of random samples of the Norwegian population with 95,704 participants. Respiratory symptoms were assessed using a modification of the MRC questionnaire on chronic bronchitis. We analyzed the association between respiratory symptoms and specific cardiovascular deaths by using Cox regression analysis with age as the time variable, accounting for cluster-specific random effects using shared frailty for study cohort. Hazard ratios (HR) for death were adjusted for sex, highest attained education, smoking habits, occupational air pollution, and birth cohort. Overall, 12,491 (13%) of participants died from CV diseases: 4,123 (33%) acute myocardial infarction, 2,326 (18%) other ischemic heart disease, 2,246 (18%) other heart diseases, 2,553 (20%) cerebrovascular diseases, and 1,120 (9%) other vascular diseases. The adjusted HR (95% confidence interval) for CV deaths was 1.9 (1.7\u20132.1) in men and 1.5 (1.2\u20131.9) in women for \u201cyes\u201d to the question \u201cAre you breathless when you walk on level ground at an ordinary pace?\u201d. The same item response showed an adjusted HR for death from acute myocardial infarction of 1.8 (1.5\u20132.1), other ischemic heart disease 2.2 (1.8\u20132.7), other heart diseases 1.5 (1.1\u20131.9), cerebrovascular disease 1.8 (1.5\u20132.3), and other circulatory diseases 1.7 (1.2\u20132.4). The adjusted HR for CV death was 1.3 (1.2\u20131.4) when answering positive to the question\u201d Are you more breathless than people of your own age when walking uphill?\u201d. However, positive answers to questions on cough, phlegm, wheezing and attacks of breathlessness were after adjustments not associated with early CV deaths. The associations between CV deaths and breathlessness were also present in never smokers. Self-reported breathlessness was associated with CV deaths and could be an early marker of CV deaths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T18:13:52Z","timestamp":1666289632000},"page":"e0276560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Respiratory symptoms and cardiovascular causes of deaths: A population-based study with 45 years of follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4512-8000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Knut","family":"Stavem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9348-3149","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henrik","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amund","family":"Gulsvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0276560.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753465817750524","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465817750524","article-title":"Defining the relationship between COPD and CVD: what are the implications for clinical practice?","volume":"12","author":"AD Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"key":"pone.0276560.ref002","article-title":"Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","author":"B McCarthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"pone.0276560.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S268683","article-title":"Efficacy of Unsupervised Home-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"15","author":"JH Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"pone.0276560.ref004","unstructured":"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2022 report). 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