{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:30:55Z","timestamp":1787761855524,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Household composition may be an important factor associated with anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic as people spend more time at home due to physical distancing and lockdown restrictions. Adults living with children\u2013especially women\u2013may be particularly vulnerable to anxiety as they balance additional childcare responsibilities and homeschooling with work. The objective of this study was to examine the association between household composition and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore gender as an effect modifier.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data were derived from seven waves of a national online survey of Canadian adults aged 18+ years from May 2020 to March 2021, which used quota sampling by age, gender, and region proportional to the English-speaking Canadian population (n = 7,021). Multivariable logistic and modified least-squares regression models were used.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Compared to those living alone, significantly greater odds of anxiety symptoms were observed among single parents\/guardians (aOR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.41\u20132.84), those living with adult(s) and child(ren) (aOR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.10\u20131.76), and those living with adult(s) only (aOR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.00\u20131.49). Gender was a significant effect modifier on the additive scale (p = 0.0487) such that the association between living with child(ren) and anxiety symptoms was stronger among men than women.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Additional tailored supports are needed to address anxiety among adults living with children\u2013especially men\u2013during the COVID-19 pandemic and future infectious disease events.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T17:47:55Z","timestamp":1667497675000},"page":"e0277243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Household composition and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1734-5067","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andr\u00e9 J.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley A.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Elton-Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshambel T.","family":"Nigatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Jankowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6516-4159","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan J.","family":"Bondy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9865-850X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christine M.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0277243.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science","volume":"7","author":"EA Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0277243.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110207","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies","volume":"109","author":"J Santab\u00e1rbara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0277243.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30171-1","article-title":"Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"7","author":"D Gunnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0277243.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.07.035","article-title":"An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness","volume":"152","author":"N Leigh-Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0277243.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0898-0","article-title":"An overdose surge will compound the COVID-19 pandemic if urgent action is not taken","volume":"26","author":"SE Wakeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pone.0277243.ref006","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. 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