{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:55Z","timestamp":1787022115177,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31900920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017683","name":"Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020JJ27SN068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JJ27SN068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China","award":["2019-ZD-0648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-ZD-0648"]}]},{"name":"Dalian Medical Science Research Program","award":["1711011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711011"]}]},{"name":"Key Specialized Research Project in Liaoning Province","award":["2022SZ005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SZ005"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program","award":["2019YFE0117700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0117700"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Program for Top Discipline of Basic Medical Sciences, China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study analyzes and compares the structure and diversity of gut microbiota in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS) in Northern China to healthy individuals to identify clinical features associated with dysbiosis. We included 60 Chinese pSS patients and 50 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. DNA was extracted from stool samples and subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis (V3-V4) for intestinal dysbiosis. In addition, patients were examined for laboratory and serological pSS features. A Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis was performed to assess correlations between individual bacteria taxa and clinical characteristics. The alpha-diversity (Chao1 and Shannon Index) and beta-diversity (unweighted UniFrac distances) of the gut microbiota differed significantly between pSS patients and healthy controls. Further analysis showed that several gut opportunistic pathogens (\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Megamonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were significantly more abundant in pSS patients and positively correlated with their clinical indicators. In contrast, some probiotic genera (\n                    <jats:italic>Collinsella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , unidentified_\n                    <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Romboutsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Dorea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were significantly decreased in pSS patients and negatively correlated with their clinical indicators. Therefore, pSS patients in Northern China showed a dysbiotic intestinal microbiome enriched for potentially pathogenic genera that might be associated with autoimmune disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T13:33:45Z","timestamp":1668087225000},"page":"e0277270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Characteristics of gut microbiota in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome in Northern China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yuyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4923-1964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9482","key":"pone.0277270.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66990-5","volume":"366","author":"RI Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0277270.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex260","article-title":"The worldwide incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of epidemiological studies.","volume":"56","author":"F Rees","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0277270.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205375","article-title":"Epidemiology of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"B Qin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0277270.ref004","first-page":"659","article-title":"Prevalence of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome in China","volume":"22","author":"NZ Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277270.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67462-z","article-title":"Prevalence of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome in the general adult population in Spain: estimating the proportion of undiagnosed cases.","volume":"10","author":"J Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0277270.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23173","article-title":"Prevalence of Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome in a US Population-Based Cohort.","volume":"69","author":"G Maciel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)."},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17004","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.4","article-title":"Dynamics of the human gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2","author":"J Halfvarson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0277270.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01548","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01548-14","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"5","author":"A Hevia","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277270.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0299-7","article-title":"An expansion of rare lineage intestinal microbes characterizes rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"J Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23561","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23561","article-title":"Altered Mucosal Microbiome Diversity and Disease Severity in Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome.","volume":"6","author":"CS de Paiva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277270.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1446-2","article-title":"Severe intestinal dysbiosis is prevalent in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and is associated with systemic disease activity.","volume":"19","author":"T Mandl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0277270.ref012","first-page":"949","article-title":"[Characteristics of intestinal flora in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome].","volume":"40","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao."},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874021","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.874021","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of the Relationships Between the Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolome in Individuals With Primary Sjogren\u2019s Syndrome by 16S rRNA Sequencing and LC-MS-Based Metabolomics.","volume":"13","author":"L Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0277270.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.09.003","article-title":"Novel autoantibodies in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A comprehensive review.","volume":"18","author":"E Mart\u00edn-Nares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev.Feb"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0277270.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.6.554","article-title":"Classification criteria for Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group","volume":"61","author":"C Vitali","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277270.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210571","article-title":"2016 American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome: A consensus and data-driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts","volume":"76","author":"CH Shiboski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0277270.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key215","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the buccal mucosa microbiome in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome patients.","volume":"57","author":"TA van der Meulen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford).Dec"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277270.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00192-w","article-title":"Salivary dysbiosis in Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome and a commensal-mediated immunomodulatory effect of salivary gland epithelial cells.","volume":"7","author":"YC Tseng","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes."},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5649","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5649","article-title":"Molecular analysis of oral microflora in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome by using high-throughput sequencing.","volume":"6","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0277270.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0218319","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218319","article-title":"Dysbiotic salivary microbiota in dry mouth and primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome patients.","volume":"14","author":"S Rusthen","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31119","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v8.31119","article-title":"Microbiological and bioinformatics analysis of primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome patients with normal salivation","volume":"8","author":"H Siddiqui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0277270.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11090595","article-title":"Low-Dose Doxycycline Treatment Normalizes Levels of Some Salivary Metabolites Associated with Oral Microbiota in Patients with Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome.","volume":"11","author":"M Herrala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites."},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699011","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.699011","article-title":"Healthy Patients Are Not the Best Controls for Microbiome-Based Clinical Studies: Example of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome in a Systematic Review.","volume":"12","author":"E Doar\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0277270.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8733","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228733","article-title":"Connection between the Gut Microbiome, Systemic Inflammation, Gut Permeability and FOXP3 Expression in Patients with Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome.","volume":"21","author":"A Cano-Ortiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0277270.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0306-4","article-title":"Gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"EA Franzosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0277270.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.294","article-title":"Differences in Gut Microbiota in Patients With vs Without Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"158","author":"R Pittayanon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0277270.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1768644","article-title":"Alteration in gut microbiota is associated with dysregulation of cytokines and glucocorticoid therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"11","author":"M Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0277270.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.006","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting Confers Protection in CNS Autoimmunity by Altering the Gut Microbiota.","volume":"27","author":"F Cignarella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573079","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.573079","article-title":"Intestinal Dysbiosis in, and Enteral Bacterial Therapies for, Systemic Autoimmune Diseases.","volume":"11","author":"E Marietta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol.Oct 28"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0277270.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23689","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203641","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and identification of potential biomarkers","volume":"13","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0277270.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036652","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acid Propionate Protects From Hypertensive Cardiovascular Damage","volume":"139","author":"H Bartolomaeus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01202","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01202","article-title":"Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis.","volume":"2","author":"JU Scher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00678","article-title":"Bacteroides dorei dominates gut microbiome prior to autoimmunity in Finnish children at high risk for type 1 diabetes.","volume":"5","author":"AG Davis-Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"issue":"7728","key":"pone.0277270.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0617-x","article-title":"Temporal development of the gut microbiome in early childhood from the TEDDY study","volume":"562","author":"CJ Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0277270.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13195","article-title":"M Edgar J, Blakely G, Patrick S. Antigenic mimicry of ubiquitin by the gut bacterium Bacteroides fragilis: a potential link with autoimmune disease","volume":"194","author":"D Stewart L","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02032","article-title":"Berry Polyphenols and Fibers Modulate Distinct Microbial Metabolic Functions and Gut Microbiota Enterotype-Like Clustering in Obese Mice.","volume":"11","author":"MC Rodr\u00edguez-Daza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0277270.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl19379","article-title":"Compositional and Functional Changes in the Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients.","volume":"15","author":"SM Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02222","article-title":"Gut Microbial Dysbiosis Is Associated with Altered Hepatic Functions and Serum Metabolites in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients.","volume":"8","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.577126","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: A cross sectional study","volume":"339","author":"Z Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277270.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0603-4","article-title":"A comparative study of the gut microbiota in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases-does a common dysbiosis exist?","volume":"6","author":"JD Forbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"pone.0277270.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105272","article-title":"Altered diversity and composition of gut microbiota in patients with allergic rhinitis.","volume":"161","author":"MS Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0277270.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927520","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2022.927520","article-title":"The Oral Microbiome and Its Role in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review of Big Data Analysis.","volume":"5","author":"L Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Big Data."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0277270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T13:34:10Z","timestamp":1668087250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0277270"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Staley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0277270","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]}}}