{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:18:26Z","timestamp":1747196306415,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province","award":["20JR10RA006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR10RA006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Implant periapical lesion (IPL), as a peri-implant disease originating from implant apex, maintains coronal osseointegration in the early stage. With the understanding to IPL increasingly deepened, IPL classification based on different elements was proposed although there still lacks an overall classification system. This study, aiming to systematically integrate the available data published in the literature on IPL associated with histopathology, proposed a comprehensive classification framework and treatment decision tree for IPL.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>English articles on the topic of \u201cimplant periapical lesion\u201d, \u201cretrograde peri-implantitis\u201d and \u201capical peri-implantitis\u201d were searched on PubMed, Embase and Web of Science from 1992 to 2021, and citation retrieval was performed for critical articles. Definite histopathology and radiology of IPL are indispensable criteria for including the article in the literature. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022378001). A total of 509 papers identified, 28 studies were included in this review. In only one retrospective study, 37 of 39 IPL were reported to be at the inflammatory or abscess stage. 27 cases (37 implants) were reported, including acute non-suppurative (1\/37, developed to chronic granuloma), chronic granuloma (5\/37), acute suppurated (2\/37), chronic suppurated-fistulized (6\/37), implant periapical cyst (21\/37), poor bone healing (2\/37), foreign body reaction (1\/37). Antibiotics alone did not appear to be effective, and the consequence of surgical debridement required cautious interpretation because of the heterogeneity of lesion course and operation. Implant apicoectomy and marsupialization were predictable approaches in some cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The diversiform nature of IPL in the case reports confirms the need for such histopathological classification, which may enhance the comparison and management of different category.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T18:33:55Z","timestamp":1671734035000},"page":"e0277387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A novel histopathological classification of implant periapical lesion: A systematic review and treatment decision tree"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5663-6153","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiaming","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruimin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanhai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1948-2620","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mei","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277387.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12185","article-title":"Modern implant dentistry based on osseointegration: 50 years of progress, current trends and open questions","volume":"73","author":"D Buser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0277387.ref002","first-page":"37","article-title":"Treatment of implants demonstrating periapical radiolucencies","volume":"4","author":"BS McAllister","year":"1992","journal-title":"Practical periodontics and aesthetic dentistry: PPAD"},{"issue":"Suppl 20:","key":"pone.0277387.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S246","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12954","article-title":"Peri-implantitis","volume":"45","author":"F Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of clinical periodontology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0277387.ref004","first-page":"768, 70","article-title":"The implant periapical lesion: etiology, prevention, and treatment","volume":"16","author":"GM Reiser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Compendium of continuing education in dentistry (Jamesburg, NJ: 1995)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0277387.ref005","first-page":"E429","article-title":"Update in dental implant periapical surgery","volume":"11","author":"M Pe\u00f1arrocha Diago","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0277387.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.119761","article-title":"Nasopalatine duct cyst developed in association with dental implant treatment: A case report and histopathological observation","volume":"17","author":"K Takeshita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology: JOMFP"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0277387.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2020.07.016","article-title":"Retrograde peri-implantitis associated with residual cysts: 3 Case reports","volume":"151","author":"R Pistilli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0277387.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/75571","article-title":"Inflammatory odontogenic cyst on an osseointegrated implant: A peri-implant cyst? 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