{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:52:12Z","timestamp":1792788732527,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute of Mental Health, of the National Institutes of Health","award":["D43 TW011304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW011304"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Uganda, adult men living with HIV are more likely to present late for care; with a CD4 cell count below 350 cells\/\u03bcl compared to women. Understanding why adult men present late for HIV care is important in improving early linkage to care. Studies across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa emphasize the role of masculinity norms; defined as social expectations about appropriate roles and behavior for men, in men\u2019s health behaviours particularly, in HIV care engagement. This study therefore explored how masculinity norms influence men\u2019s late presentation for HIV care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a qualitative study undertaken in Jinja District, Eastern Uganda between October and November 2020. We conducted 20 In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) with men living with HIV who had presented late for care at Family Hope Centre. We also conducted four Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with HIV negative men and women in selected communities of Katende and Walukuba. Conventional content analysis approach was used to identify themes across the collected data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 20 men participated in the In-depth Interviews (IDIs), with majority being married 15\/20 (75%) and primary level holders 7\/15 (46.7%). Nineteen (19) women participated in two FGDs, with a mean age of 29.5 years. Nineteen (19) men also participated in other two FGDs, with a mean age of 28.2 years. Conventional content analysis results indicated that men\u2019s late presentation for HIV care in Jinja district is greatly related to their concerns of loss of respect and the need to preserve their reputation and maintain a sense of normality in their families and society as proposed by Wilson\u2019s (1969) respectability-reputation theoretical model. Respectability was endorsed by \u2018the wider society\u2019, while reputation was endorsed almost entirely by men and some women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings show that the explanations for men\u2019s late presentation arise from the masculinity norms in Jinja District, Eastern Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T14:07:11Z","timestamp":1668694031000},"page":"e0277534","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Men\u2019s late presentation for HIV care in Eastern Uganda: The role of masculinity norms"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5816-0942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sherifah","family":"Nabikande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Namutundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanita","family":"Nangendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Okello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie","family":"Agwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Tusabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven Ndugwa","family":"Kabwama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Ruhweza","family":"Katahoire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0277534.ref001","article-title":"Global AIDS Update","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0277534.ref002","article-title":"Uganda Population based HIV Impact Assessment report","author":"UPHIA","year":"2017"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0277534.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140004","article-title":"Predictors of late HIV diagnosis among adult people living with HIV\/AIDS who undertake an initial CD4 T cell evaluation, northern Ethiopia: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"MB Beyene","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0277534.ref004","first-page":"187","article-title":"Determining factors of late HIV diagnosis in Northern Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"Y Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Research in Life Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0277534.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-8-8","article-title":"Factors associated with late presentation to HIV\/AIDS care in South Wollo ZoneEthiopia: a case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Y. 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