{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:51:06Z","timestamp":1790819466401,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFB1600100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB1600100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52072068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52072068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52202399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52202399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bus-bridging evacuation services can significantly enhance metro resilience during operational disruptions. A resilience-based optimization model was proposed to generate a bus bridging and dispatching plan. The objective of the model is to maximize the resilience index of evacuated passengers while meeting pre-established restrictions on operational indicators and resources. The proposed approach consists of three steps: representing an integrated network based on a hyper-network, generating candidate bus-bridging routes using the K-shortest paths algorithm, and solving the optimization model using a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal vehicle allocation among the candidate routes. The Nanjing metro network was used to demonstrate the proposed model. The results show that the average waiting time is the main reason for travel delays, especially in short-distance travel. Furthermore, the cycling strategy is beneficial for reducing the average travel delay and improving evacuation efficiency with limited vehicles. In particular, when resources are very limited, the vehicle cycling strategy may have significant advantages over fixed vehicles for servicing fixed lines. The proposed model could be widely used in emergency response to quickly and efficiently evacuate passengers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T17:42:22Z","timestamp":1680111742000},"page":"e0277577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Resilience-based optimization model for emergency bus bridging and dispatching in response to metro operational disruptions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7292-6230","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiefei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0277577.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-010-0017-6","article-title":"The bus bridging problem in metro operations: conceptual framework, models and algorithms","volume":"1","author":"K Kepaptsoglou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Transport: Planning and Operations"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0277577.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2014.0577","article-title":"Optimizing bus bridging services in response to disruptions of urban transit rail networks","author":"JG Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transportation Science"},{"key":"pone.0277577.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.03.015","article-title":"Plan-based flexible bus bridging operation strategy","volume":"91","author":"W Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C:Emerging Technologies"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0277577.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4427","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124427","article-title":"Design of bus bridging routes in response to disruption of Urban Rail Transit","volume":"10","author":"YJ Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0277577.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161644","article-title":"A feeder-bus dispatch planning model for emergency evacuation in urban rail transit corridors","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"pone.0277577.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.086","article-title":"Recovery of disruptions in rapid transit networks with origin-destination demand","volume":"111","author":"L Cadarso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia\u2014Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0277577.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2013.01.013","article-title":"Recovery of disruptions in rapid transit networks","volume":"53","author":"L Cadarso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277577.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tdac003","DOI":"10.1093\/tse\/tdac003","article-title":"A coordinated bus bridging and metro short turning model in response to urban metro disruptions","volume":"4","author":"ZJ Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Safety and Environment"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0277577.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022050","DOI":"10.1061\/JTEPBS.0000694","article-title":"Integrated optimization of bus bridging route design and bus resource allocation in response to metro service disruptions","volume":"148","author":"X Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Transportation Engineering Part A-Systems"},{"key":"pone.0277577.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2021.105284","article-title":"Railway disruption management: Designing bus bridging services under uncertainty","volume":"131","author":"CL Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Operations Research"},{"key":"pone.0277577.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.10.008","article-title":"Robust bus bridging service design under rail transit system disruptions","volume":"132","author":"JP Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part E-Logistics and Transportation Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0277577.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04016015","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000335","article-title":"Planning bus bridging evacuation during rail transit operation disruption","volume":"142","author":"H Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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