{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:25:07Z","timestamp":1780327507029,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005071","name":"Shiraz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["98GCU2M163973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98GCU2M163973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003968","name":"Iran National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["98023138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98023138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Paratuberculosis is debilitating chronic enteritis usually characterized by diarrhea, decreased milk production, and progressive cachexia. <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> subspecies <jats:italic>paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MAP) causes significant economic losses by affecting dairy herds globally. Development of protective vaccines is considered as one of the most effective controlling measures for MAP infections. In the current study, hydrophilic parts of MAP2191 and FAP-P proteins as two vaccine candidates were analyzed using immunoinformatics approaches.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>After selecting the most hydrophilic parts of MAP2191 and FAP-P, helper and cytotoxic T-cell epitopes of ht-MAP2191 and ht-FAP-P were identified. The immunogenic, toxicity and physicochemical properties were assessed. Secondary structures of these proteins were predicted, and their tertiary structures were modeled, refined, and validated. Linear and conformational epitopes of corresponding B-cells were recognized. Then ht-MAP2191 and ht-FAP-P epitopes were employed for molecular docking simulations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results indicated that ht-MAP2191 and ht-FAP-P were immunogenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic and possess potent T-cell and B-cell epitopes. Eventually, these protein constructs were docked favorably against TLR4.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>According to the findings, ht-MAP2191 and ht-FAP-P could be effective protein-based vaccine candidates for paratuberculosis. It should be noted that to examine their efficacy, further in vitro and in vivo experiments are underway.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T18:37:48Z","timestamp":1669055868000},"page":"e0277751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Immunoinformatics analysis of candidate proteins for controlling bovine paratuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5533-986X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maryam Sadat","family":"Moezzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1878-1103","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdollah","family":"Derakhshandeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhid","family":"Hemmatzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0277751.ref001","first-page":"201","article-title":"Bovine paratuberculosis: a review of the advantages and disadvantages of different diagnostic tests","volume":"44","author":"LR Gilardoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Revista argentina de microbiolog\u00eda"},{"key":"pone.0277751.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3896754","article-title":"Characteristics and Epidemiological Investigation of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Tai\u2019an, China","volume":"2020","author":"Z Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed research international"},{"key":"pone.0277751.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-141603137-6.50009-0","article-title":"Infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"200","author":"DC Van Metre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rebhun\u2019s diseases of dairy cattle"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277751.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0202-3","article-title":"The long subclinical phase of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infections explained without adaptive immunity","volume":"46","author":"D Klinkenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Veterinary research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277751.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1354-y","article-title":"Identifying individual animal factors associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) milk ELISA positivity in dairy cattle in the Midwest region of the United States","volume":"14","author":"G Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC veterinary research"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0277751.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1586\/17474124.2015.1093931","article-title":"Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as a cause of Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"AL McNees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert review of gastroenterology & hepatology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0277751.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.07.006","article-title":"Facts, myths and hypotheses on the zoonotic nature of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis","volume":"304","author":"R Atreya","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277751.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-017-0172-3","article-title":"Could Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis cause Crohn\u2019s disease, ulcerative colitis\u2026 and colorectal cancer?","volume":"13","author":"ES Pierce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infectious agents and cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0277751.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5019","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9241","article-title":"Invited review: The economic impact and control of paratuberculosis in cattle","volume":"98","author":"AB Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of dairy science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0277751.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1943-4","article-title":"Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. 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