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Infantis) is a non-typhoid, zoonotic and foodborne serovar with worldwide distribution, and often associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance. Efflux pumps are antimicrobial resistance mechanisms able to promote and increase resistance levels to multiple distinct drug classes. Heavy metal tolerance genes have been demonstrated to promote resistance against these compounds and act in the co-selection of antimicrobial resistant strains. Despite the relevance of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Infantis in clinical and non-clinical fields, few studies worldwide have investigated the occurrence of such genes in strains from diverse sources. Therefore, the present study aimed at determining the prevalence of antimicrobial efflux pump and heavy metal tolerance genes and their genomic relatedness through core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) of 80 <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Infantis strains isolated from food, environmental, human and animal sources from 2013 to 2018 in Brazil. Twenty efflux pump encoding genes were detected, with 17 of these (<jats:italic>acrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>acrB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>baeR<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>crp<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>emrB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>emrR<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>hns<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>kdpE<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>kpnF<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>marA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>marR<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>mdtK<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>msbA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rsmA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>sdiA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>soxR<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>soxS<\/jats:italic>) detected in all strains studied, <jats:italic>golS<\/jats:italic> in 98.75%, <jats:italic>mdfA<\/jats:italic> in 58.75% and <jats:italic>tet(A)<\/jats:italic> in 37.5%. Tolerance genes to arsenic (<jats:italic>arsR<\/jats:italic>) were detected in 100% of the strains, gold (<jats:italic>golS<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>golT<\/jats:italic>) in 98.75%, silver (<jats:italic>silABCDEFPRS<\/jats:italic>) in 36.25% and mercury (<jats:italic>merR<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>merT<\/jats:italic>) in 1.25%. cgMLST demonstrated a closer genetic relationship among strains harboring similar profiles of heavy metal and efflux pump encoding genes, despite their origin. In conclusion, the high prevalence of some efflux pump and heavy metal tolerance encoding genes alert us about the importance of strong surveillance measures to monitor resistance and the transmission of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Infantis among diverse sources in Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T18:27:55Z","timestamp":1669141675000},"page":"e0277979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prevalence of efflux pump and heavy metal tolerance encoding genes among Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis strains from diverse sources in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Felipe Pinheiro","family":"Vilela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e1lia dos Prazeres","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc William","family":"Allard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1459-9355","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juliana Pfrimer","family":"Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0277979.ref001","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0277979.ref002","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0277979.ref003","author":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2019"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0277979.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2412.180500","article-title":"CTX-M-65 Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Salmonella enterica Serotype Infantis, United States","volume":"24","author":"AC Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0277979.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108275","article-title":"Genome analysis of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and plasmid presence in Turkish Salmonella serovar Infantis isolates","volume":"307","author":"S Acar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0277979.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15430","article-title":"Genomic characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis isolated from food, humans and veterinary-related sources in Brazil","volume":"132","author":"FP Vilela","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0277979.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.12.019","article-title":"Genes and mutations conferring antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella: an update","volume":"8","author":"GB Michael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0277979.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.66","article-title":"Multidrug efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria and their role in antibiotic resistance","volume":"9","author":"JM Blair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0277979.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0235","article-title":"RND efflux pumps in Gram-negative bacteria; 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