{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T08:36:44Z","timestamp":1774082204942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research England Policy Impact Funding","award":["PSF0002R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSF0002R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The key objective of this research was to estimate out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) incurred by the Indian households for the treatment of childhood infections. We estimated OOPE estimates on outpatient care and hospitalization by disease conditions and type of health facilities. In addition, we also estimated OOPE as a share of households\u2019 total consumption expenditure (TCE) by MPCE quintile groups to assess the quantum of the financial burden on the households. We analyzed the Social Consumption: Health (SCH) data from National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 75th round (2017\u201318). Outcome indicators were prevalence of selected infectious diseases in children aged less than 5 years, per episode of OOPE on outpatient care in the preceding 15 days, hospitalization in the preceding year and OOPE as a share of households\u2019 total consumption expenditure. Our analysis suggests that the most common childhood infection was \u2018fever with rash\u2019 followed by \u2018acute upper respiratory infection\u2019 and \u2018acute meningitis\u2019. However, the highest OOPE for outpatient care and hospitalization was reported for \u2018viral hepatitis\u2019 and \u2018tuberculosis\u2019 episodes. Among the households reporting childhood infections, OOPE was 4.8% and 6.7% of households\u2019 total consumption expenditure (TCE) for outpatient care and hospitalization, respectively. Furthermore, OOPE as a share of TCE was disproportionately higher for the poorest MPCE quintiles (outpatient, 7.9%; hospitalization, 8.2%) in comparison to the richest MPCE quintiles (outpatient, 4.8%; hospitalization, 6.7%). This treatment and care-related OOPE has equity implications for Indian households as the poorest households bear a disproportionately higher burden of OOPE as a share of TCE. Ensuring financial risk protection and universal access to care for childhood illnesses is critical to addressing inequity in care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T18:34:55Z","timestamp":1672166095000},"page":"e0278025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Out-of-pocket expenditure on childhood infections and its financial burden on Indian households: Evidence from nationally representative household survey (2017\u201318)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Habib Hasan","family":"Farooqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Karan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5518-1935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manu Raj","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suhaib","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sakthivel","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0278025.ref001","volume-title":"India: Health of the Nation\u2019s States\u2014The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0278025.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30273-1","article-title":"The burden of child and maternal malnutrition and trends in its indicators in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990\u20132017.","volume":"3","author":"India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative Malnutrition C","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"10044","key":"pone.0278025.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00342-1","article-title":"What is the private sector? 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