{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:03:08Z","timestamp":1784005388370,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R03EB029587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03EB029587"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01EB030324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB030324"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["T32EB025766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32EB025766"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The majority of studies that assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) induced radiofrequency (RF) heating of the tissue when active electronic implants are present have been performed in horizontal, closed-bore MRI systems. Vertical, open-bore MRI systems have a 90\u00b0 rotated magnet and a fundamentally different RF coil geometry, thus generating a substantially different RF field distribution inside the body. Little is known about the RF heating of elongated implants such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices in this class of scanners. Here, we conducted the first large-scale experimental study investigating whether RF heating was significantly different in a 1.2 T vertical field MRI scanner (Oasis, Fujifilm Healthcare) compared to a 1.5 T horizontal field MRI scanner (Aera, Siemens Healthineers). A commercial DBS device mimicking 30 realistic patient-derived lead trajectories extracted from postoperative computed tomography images of patients who underwent DBS surgery at our institution was implanted in a multi-material, anthropomorphic phantom. RF heating around the DBS lead was measured during four minutes of high-SAR RF exposure. Additionally, we performed electromagnetic simulations with leads of various internal structures to examine this effect on RF heating. When controlling for RMS B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, the temperature increase around the DBS lead-tip was significantly lower in the vertical scanner compared to the horizontal scanner (0.33 \u00b1 0.24\u00b0C vs. 4.19 \u00b1 2.29\u00b0C). Electromagnetic simulations demonstrated up to a 17-fold reduction in the maximum of 0.1g-averaged SAR in the tissue surrounding the lead-tip in the vertical scanner compared to the horizontal scanner. Results were consistent across leads with straight and helical internal wires. Radiofrequency heating and power deposition around the DBS lead-tip were substantially lower in the 1.2 T vertical scanner compared to the 1.5 T horizontal scanner. Simulations with different lead structures suggest that the results may extend to leads from other manufacturers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T18:28:46Z","timestamp":1670610526000},"page":"e0278187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["A comparative study of RF heating of deep brain stimulation devices in vertical vs. horizontal MRI systems"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhumi","family":"Bhusal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bach T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Sanpitak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Nowac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Pilitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7726-2496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Rosenow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3869-6114","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laleh","family":"Golestanirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0278187.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000444760","article-title":"The Rate of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Deep Brain Stimulation","volume":"94","author":"S Falowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg"},{"key":"pone.0278187.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10069","article-title":"Neurostimulation systems for deep brain stimulation: In vitro evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging-related heating at 1.5 Tesla","volume":"15","author":"AR Rezai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0278187.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rli.0000124940.02340.ab","article-title":"Neurostimulation System Used for Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): MR Safety Issues and Implications of Failing to Follow Safety Recommendations","volume":"39","author":"AR Rezai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"pone.0278187.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1109\/TDMR.2005.859033","article-title":"MRI and Implanted Medical Devices: Basic Interactions With an Emphasis on Heating","volume":"5","author":"JA Nyenhuis","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials Reliability"},{"key":"pone.0278187.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21159","article-title":"Calculation of MRI-induced heating of an implanted medical lead wire with an electric field transfer function","volume":"26","author":"SM Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0278187.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.034","article-title":"RF-induced heating in tissue near bilateral DBS implants during MRI at 1.5T and 3T: The role of surgical lead management","volume":"184","author":"L Golestanirad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pone.0278187.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015008","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abcde9","article-title":"Patient\u2019s body composition can significantly affect RF power deposition in the tissue around DBS implants: ramifications for lead management strategies and MRI field-shaping techniques","volume":"66","author":"B Bhusal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"pone.0278187.ref008","volume":"99","author":"J Spiegel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transient dystonia following magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with deep brain stimulation electrodes for the treatment of Parkinson disease Case report"},{"key":"pone.0278187.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000180810.16964.3E","article-title":"Permanent neurological deficit related to magnetic resonance imaging in a patient with implanted deep brain stimulation electrodes for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Case report","volume":"57","author":"JM Henderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"pone.0278187.ref010","author":"A. 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