{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:26:15Z","timestamp":1791375975094,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drivers should be aware of possible impairing effects of alcohol, medicinal substance, or fatigue on driving performance. Such effects are assessed in clinical trials, including a driving task or related psychomotor tasks. However, a choice between predicting tasks must be made. Here, we compare driving performance with on-the-road driving, simulator driving, and psychomotor tasks using the effect of sleep deprivation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>This two-way cross over study included 24 healthy men with a minimum driving experience of 3000km per year. Psychomotor tasks, simulated driving, and on-the-road driving were assessed in the morning and the afternoon after a well-rested night and in the morning after a sleep-deprived night. Driving behaviour was examined by calculating the Standard Deviation of Lateral Position (SDLP).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>SDLP increased after sleep deprivation for simulated (10cm, 95%CI:6.7\u201313.3) and on-the-road driving (2.8cm, 95%CI:1.9\u20133.7). The psychomotor test battery detected effects of sleep deprivation in almost all tasks. Correlation between on-the-road tests and simulator SDLP after a well-rested night (0.63, p &lt; .001) was not present after a night of sleep deprivation (0.31, p = .18). Regarding the effect of sleep deprivation on the psychomotor test battery, only adaptive tracking correlated with the SDLP of the driving simulator (-0.50, p = .02). Other significant correlations were related to subjective VAS scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The lack of apparent correlations and difference in sensitivity of performance of the psychomotor tasks, simulated driving and, on-the-road driving indicates that the tasks may not be interchangeable and may assess different aspects of driving behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T18:33:24Z","timestamp":1675362804000},"page":"e0278300","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fit for purpose of on-the-road driving and simulated driving: A randomised crossover study using the effect of sleep deprivation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4199-9781","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Koopmans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert-Jan","family":"Doll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hein","family":"van der Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"de Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4655-6667","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Geert Jan","family":"Groeneveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Zuiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0278300.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx001","article-title":"Asleep at the Wheel-The Road to Addressing Drowsy Driving","volume":"40","author":"J. S. Higgins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref002","unstructured":"CBS, \u201cCentraal Bureau voor de Statistiek\u2014overledenen: doden door verkeersongeval in Nederland.,\u201d 2017."},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref003","unstructured":"SWOV, \u201cSWOV factsheet rijden onder invloed.\u201d"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref004","unstructured":"A. Foundation, \u201cPrevalence drowsy driving crashes estimates large scale naturalistic driving study.\u201d"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0278300.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx134","article-title":"Risk of motor vehicle accidents related to sleepiness at the wheel: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"S. Bioulac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref006","unstructured":"FDA\u2014CDER, \u201cEvaluating Drug Effects on the Ability to Operate a Motor Vehicle\u2014Guidance for Industry,\u201d 2017. [Online]. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Drugs\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/Guidances\/default.htm"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.12.042","article-title":"Comparison of driving simulator performance with real driving after alcohol intake: A randomised, single blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial","volume":"53","author":"A. Helland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0278300.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3927-9","article-title":"Comparing treatment effects of oral THC on simulated and on-the-road driving performance: Testing the validity of driving simulator drug research","volume":"232","author":"J. L. Veldstra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref009","article-title":"Evaluation of simulated driving in comparison to laboratory-based tests to assess the pharmacodynamics of alprazolam and alcohol","author":"C. R. Huizinga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278300.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098615579314","article-title":"A randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the sensitivity of the CRCDS Mini-Sim to the next-day residual effects of zopiclone","volume":"6","author":"A. A. Simen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther Adv Drug Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0278300.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1226","article-title":"Effects of alcohol on highway driving in the STISIM driving simulator","volume":"26","author":"M. A. J. Mets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278300.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00901.x","article-title":"Prolonged nocturnal driving can be as dangerous as severe alcohol-impaired driving","volume":"20","author":"J. C. Verster","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. C. Verster, D. W. Spence, A. Shahid, S. R. Pandi-Perumal, and T. Roth, \u201cZopiclone as Positive Control in Studies Examining the Residual Effects of Hypnotic Drugs on Driving Ability,\u201d 2011.","DOI":"10.2174\/157488611798280933"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278300.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4519-z","article-title":"A pooled analysis of on-the-road highway driving studies in actual traffic measuring standard deviation of lateral position (i.e., \u2018weaving\u2019) while driving at a blood alcohol concentration of 0.5 g\/L","volume":"234","author":"S. Jongen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S19639","article-title":"Standard operation procedures for conducting the on-the-road driving test, and measurement of the standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP)","author":"J. Verster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0278300.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117045","article-title":"Sensitivity and validity of psychometric tests for assessing driving impairment: Effects of sleep deprivation","volume":"10","author":"S. Jongen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S19639","article-title":"Standard operation procedures for conducting the on-the-road driving test, and measurement of the standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP)","author":"J. Verster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0278300.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2018.1497796","article-title":"Altered driving performance of symptomatic Huntington\u2019s disease gene carriers in simulated road conditions","volume":"19","author":"M. Jacobs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref019","article-title":"Evaluation of simulated driving in comparison to laboratory-based tests to assess the pharmacodynamics of alprazolam and alcohol","author":"C. R. Huizinga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref020","unstructured":"AL. van Steveninck, \u201cMethods of assessment of central nervous system effects of drugs in man.,\u201d 1993."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0278300.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1991.122","article-title":"A comparison of the sensitivities of adaptive tracking, eye movement analysis, and visual analog lines to the effects of incremental doses of temazepam in healthy volunteers","volume":"50","author":"A. L. Van Steveninck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.11.1065","article-title":"Quantitative measure\u00acment of saccade amplitude, duration and velocity","volume":"25","author":"R. Baloh","year":"1975","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278300.ref023","first-page":"712","article-title":"A microcomputer based system for recording and analysis of smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements","volume":"27","author":"A. Van Steveninck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brit.J.Clin.Pharmaco"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref024","unstructured":"AL. Van Steveninck, \u201cMethods of assessment of central nervous system effects of drugs in man.,\u201d State University Leiden, 1993."},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref025","article-title":"Benzodiazepines impair smooth pursuit eye movements","author":"P. Bittencourt","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.25.11.1065","article-title":"Quantitative measurement of saccade amplitude, duration and velocity","volume":"25","author":"R. Baloh","year":"1975","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref027","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic interactions of diazepam and intravenous alcohol at pseudo steady state","author":"A. L. van Steveninck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2016.07.004","article-title":"Measuring blood\u2013brain barrier penetration using the NeuroCart, a CNS test battery","volume":"20","author":"G. J. Groeneveld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today: Technologies"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278300.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119901300102","article-title":"The sensitivity of pharmacodynamic tests for the central nervous system effects of drugs on the effects of sleep deprivation","volume":"13","author":"A. L. van Steveninck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref030","first-page":"27P","article-title":"A simple mechanical ataxia-meter","volume":"218","author":"BM Wright","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref031","article-title":"The sensitivity of pharmacodynamic tests for the central nervous system effects of drugs on the effects of sleep deprivation","author":"A. L. Van Steveninck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278300.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244655","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic interactions of diazepam and intravenous alcohol at pseudo steady state","volume":"110","author":"A. L. van Steveninck","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref033","article-title":"The action of sedatives on brain stem oculomotor systems in man","author":"H. Norris","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref034","article-title":"Biomarkers for the effects of antipsychotic drugs in healthy volunteers","author":"S. J. de Visser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1974.tb02285.x","article-title":"The use of analogue scales in rating subjective feelings","volume":"47","author":"M. Bond","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0278300.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241","article-title":"Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual","volume":"52","author":"T. \u00c5kerstedt","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278300.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064782","article-title":"Observer Rated Sleepiness and Real Road Driving: An Explorative Study","volume":"8","author":"A. Anund","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref038","article-title":"Extraction of Optimal Measurements for Drowsy Driving Detection considering Driver Fingerprinting Differences","volume":"2021","author":"Y. Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Transp"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3141\/2585-08","article-title":"Sensitivity of lane position and steering angle measurements to driver fatigue","volume":"2585","author":"H. Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.12.042","article-title":"Comparison of driving simulator performance with real driving after alcohol intake: A randomised, single blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial","volume":"53","author":"A. Helland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0278300.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.03.003","article-title":"Impact of experimentally manipulated sleep on adolescent simulated driving","volume":"16","author":"A. A. Garner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278300.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13163","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new highly concentrated intranasal midazolam formulation for conscious sedation","volume":"83","author":"L. Schrier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2016.07.004","article-title":"Measuring blood\u2013brain barrier penetration using the NeuroCart, a CNS test battery","volume":"20","author":"G. J. Groeneveld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today: Technologies"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Park, J. C. Ware, J. F. May, T. J. Rosenthal, M. R. Guibert, and R. W. Allen, \u201cThe Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Simulator Driving as Compared with Other Psychomotor Tests George,\u201d 2007, pp. 257\u2013264.","DOI":"10.17077\/drivingassessment.1246"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref045","unstructured":"P. Alhola and P. Polo-Kantola, \u201cSleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance,\u201d 2007."},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref046","unstructured":"H. J. Hijma, I. W. Koopmans, E. Klaassen, R. J. Doll, R. G. J. A. Zuiker, and G. J. Groeneveld, \u201cA randomized, crossover study to evaluate the gender and sensitizing effects of sleep deprivation using a nociceptive test battery in healthy volunteers,\u201d submitted."},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref047","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of intra-epidermal electric detection thresholds and evoked potentials for observation of nociceptive processing following sleep deprivation","author":"B. van den Berg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0278300.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185909","article-title":"Driving simulator scenarios and measures to faithfully evaluate risky driving behavior: A comparative study of different driver age groups","volume":"12","author":"J. Michaels","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278300.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.03.024","article-title":"Do young novice drivers overestimate their driving skills more than experienced drivers? Different methods lead to different conclusions","volume":"43","author":"S. de Craen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0278300.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.07.002","article-title":"Parental and offspring assessment of driving capability under the influence of drugs or alcohol: Gender and inter-generational differences","volume":"42","author":"T. Rosenbloom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"pone.0278300.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1417.002","article-title":"Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention","volume":"1129","author":"J. Lim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T03:24:48Z","timestamp":1701833088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278300"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Penzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278300","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]}}}