{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:26:59Z","timestamp":1780471619685,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Urinary incontinence (UI), defined as the involuntary loss of urine, is a common, multifactorial condition. It is unclear whether physical activities, their intensity or frequency, may affect the potential for UI in addition to known risk factors in the general population. Higher prevalence of UI has been observed when engaging in high-impact sports, but research is sparse regarding UI in strength sports. Since the Olympic-style weightlifting has seen an unprecedented increase in women\u2019s participation in recent years, this study provides much-needed data to investigate whether weightlifting predisposes women to UI.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The aim was to conduct a survey of female Master athletes in countries that are members of the International Weightlifting Federation using a validated incontinence severity index and to study (1) whether known risk factors in the general population increase the odds of UI in female competitive weightlifters and (2) whether sport-related factors are associated with UI after adjusting for known risk factors. The outcomes of interest were moderate or more severe UI and incontinence during lifts specific to weightlifting competitions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Respondents consisted of 824 female competitive weightlifters from 29 countries, ages 30 to 79, median 41 years. Prevalence of moderate or more severe incontinence was 32%. Higher BMI, prior pregnancies, and depressive mood increased the odds, but age was not associated. Athletes who had engaged in high-impact sports prior to starting weightlifting training were at a higher risk of UI, but participation in prior strength sports was not associated with UI. The predictive probability of moderate or more severe UI increased with more hours per week of weightlifting training.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings indicate that while female weightlifters had a higher prevalence of moderate or severe UI than in a general population according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and that athletes who had engaged in high-impact sports prior to starting weightlifting were at a higher risk of UI.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T18:41:28Z","timestamp":1669833688000},"page":"e0278376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sport-related risk factors for moderate or severe urinary incontinence in master female weightlifters: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9694-9231","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marianne","family":"Huebner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirley","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0278376.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000001127","article-title":"Updated Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Women: 2015\u20132018 National Population-Based Survey Data.","volume":"28","author":"UJ Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg."},{"key":"pone.0278376.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.5.537","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in US women: a population-based study","volume":"165","author":"JL Melville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0278376.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01243-1","article-title":"Is Physical Activity Good or Bad for the Female Pelvic Floor? 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