{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T19:29:44Z","timestamp":1773343784721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007866","name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UoG\/045028\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UoG\/045028\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is the descent of the vaginal wall, cervix, uterus, bladder, and rectum downward into the vaginal canal. It occurs owing to the weakness of the structures supporting and keeping pelvic organs in anatomic position. Prolapse occurs due to exposure to risk factors; women in developing countries are highly predisposed to the risk factors of the prolapse. No study assesses POP in Southern Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A case-control study design was employed in 369 participants (123 cases and 246 controls) of seven randomly selected Public Hospitals of Southern Ethiopia from February-June, 2020, using a structured questionnaire. All patients diagnosed with prolapse (stage I- IV) were included as cases; patients free of prolapse (stage 0) were taken as controls after physicians had performed a diagnosis and vaginal examination. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, after adjusting for covariates, age of the women \u2265 45 years (AOR = 5.33, 95% CI: 1.47, 9.05), underweight (AOR= 4.54, 95% CI: 1.4, 15.76), low income (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI:1.14, 5.59), parity \u22655 (AOR = 5.2, 95% CI: 2.2, 12.55), assisted vaginal delivery (AOR= 4, 95% CI: 1.55, 11.63), instrumental delivery (AOR= 3.5, 95% CI:1.45, 84), sphincter damage and vaginal tear (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI:1.44,7.1), carrying heavy loads (AOR= 2.5, 95% CI:1.2, 5.35), and prolonged labor \u226524 hours (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI:1.12, 97) were significant associated factors of prolapse. The odds of developing prolapse is lower among women attended school. Most(84.55%) of the women with prolapse were delayed for the treatments and only surgical interventions were done as treatments. Most of them claimed lack of social support, lack of money, and social stigma as the main reasons for the delay in seeking treatments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Older age, low educational status, underweight, low income, higher parity, assisted vaginal delivery, prolonged labor, sphincter damage, and carrying heavy loads were significant associated factors of POP. It is better to screen older age women by doing campaigns against the prolapse. Also, responsible bodies should work on raising awareness of women as well as awareness of the community about the prolapse through expanding health education. Moreover, informing women to practice pelvic muscle training daily, raising women\u2019s income to empower them, and help of family members to reduce carrying an overload of mothers are recommended.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T18:43:06Z","timestamp":1674067386000},"page":"e0278461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Associated factors of pelvic organ prolapse among patients at Public Hospitals of Southern Ethiopia: A case-control study design"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3917-8434","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asfaw","family":"Borsamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Oumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9578-7656","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayanaw","family":"Worku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yared","family":"Asmare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278461.ref001","first-page":"179","article-title":"Pelvic Organ Prolapse.","volume":"96","author":"CB Iglesia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"pone.0278461.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3126\/hprospect.v10i0.5638","article-title":"Situation of uterine proplapse in Salyan, Mugu and Bajhang Districts of Nepal: a clinic based study.","volume":"10","author":"R. Khatri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Prospect."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0278461.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-010-1215-0","article-title":"Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence in developing countries: review of prevalence and risk factors.","volume":"22","author":"GJ Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"International urogynecology journal"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"pone.0278461.ref004","first-page":"107","article-title":"Uterovaginal prolapse at a university teaching hospital in south-East Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"EC Ojiyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orient journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278461.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195910","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195910","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: A population based study in Tanzanian rural community","volume":"13","author":"GG Masenga","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0278461.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3038-0","article-title":"Prevalence of, and risk factors for, symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse in Rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey study.","volume":"27","author":"F Akter","year":"2016","journal-title":"International urogynecology journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0278461.ref007","first-page":"1925","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of pelvic organ prolapse in rural Chinese women: a population-based sample in China","volume":"30","author":"Z Li","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278461.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05311-9","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for pelvic floor disorders during early and late pregnancy in a cohort of Austrian women","volume":"300","author":"B Bodner-Adler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of gynecology and obstetrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278461.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-015-0062-1","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and severity of symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse among Emirati women","volume":"15","author":"HM Elbiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Urology"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0278461.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3238-7","article-title":"Pelvic organ prolapse: prevalence and risk factors in a Brazilian population","volume":"28","author":"W Horst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"pone.0278461.ref011","first-page":"68","author":"OSH El Kady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assessment of The Prevalence of Pelvic Floor Disorders in Both Vaginal and Cesarean Deliveries and Their Impact on The Quality of Life. Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278461.ref012","first-page":"796","article-title":"Determinants and management outcomes of pelvic organ prolapse in a low resource setting. Annals of medical and health sciences research","volume":"4","author":"G Eleje","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278461.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01109.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of pelvic organ prolapse in rural Gambia, West Africa.","volume":"109","author":"C Scherf","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0278461.ref014","first-page":"85","article-title":"Pelvic organ prolapse in jimma university specialized hospital, southwest ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"M Akmel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0278461.ref015","article-title":"A ONE-YEAR REVIEW OF PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE AT ST","author":"T Hurissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"PAUL\u2019S HOSPITAL MILLENNIUM MEDICAL COLLEGE, ADDIS ABABA ETHIOPIA"},{"key":"pone.0278461.ref016","article-title":"Pelvic organ prolapse in Northwest Ethiopia: a population-based study","author":"T Belayneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0278461.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3776-2","article-title":"Factors associated with pelvic floor disorders in Kersa District, eastern Ethiopia: a community-based study.","volume":"30","author":"M Dheresa","year":"2019","journal-title":"International urogynecology journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278461.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v27i3.8","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with pelvic organ prolapse among pedestrian back-loading women in Bench Maji Zone.","volume":"27","author":"A Henok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethiopian journal of health sciences"},{"key":"pone.0278461.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S122459","article-title":"Determinants of pelvic organ prolapse among gynecologic patients in Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia: a case\u2013control study.","volume":"8","author":"A Asresie","year":"2016","journal-title":"International journal of women\u2019s health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278461.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0585-1","article-title":"One in five women suffer from pelvic floor disorders in Kersa district Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based study","volume":"18","author":"M Dheresa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278461.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0416-9","article-title":"Reasons for delay in decision making and reaching health facility among obstetric fistula and pelvic organ prolapse patients in Gondar University hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.","volume":"17","author":"M Adefris","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"pone.0278461.ref022","author":"T. Zerfu","journal-title":"Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278461.ref023","first-page":"121","article-title":"Updated definition of female pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"1","author":"G-D Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Incont Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278461.ref024","first-page":"73","article-title":"Estimating consumption-based poverty in the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey","volume":"21","author":"M. Schreiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278461.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181b0c2ae","article-title":"Age-related pelvic floor modifications and prolapse risk factors in postmenopausal women.","volume":"17","author":"A Tinelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"9566","key":"pone.0278461.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60462-0","article-title":"Pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"369","author":"JE Jelovsek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278461.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3689-7","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice towards family planning among reproductive age women in a resource limited settings of Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"A Semachew Kasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0278461.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.18315","article-title":"Association of Delivery Mode With Pelvic Floor Disorders After Childbirth","volume":"320","author":"JL Blomquist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278461.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182267f2f","article-title":"Pelvic floor disorders 5-10 years after vaginal or cesarean childbirth","volume":"118","author":"VL Handa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278461.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4274\/tjod.90582","article-title":"Prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse and related factors in a general female population","volume":"11","author":"H Aytan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turkish journal of obstetrics and gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278461.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.04.032","article-title":"The association between maternal age at first delivery and risk of obstetric trauma","volume":"215","author":"P Rahmanou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0278461.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02198.x","article-title":"Impact of antenatal common mental disorders upon perinatal outcomes in Ethiopia: the P\u2010MaMiE population\u2010based cohort study.","volume":"14","author":"C Hanlon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278461.ref033","first-page":"138","article-title":"Obstetric outcome of teenage pregnancy in northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"76","author":"S Kumbi","year":"1999","journal-title":"East African medical journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278461.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000139518.46032.e5","article-title":"Anal sphincter injury in women with pelvic floor disorders","volume":"104","author":"CM Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278461","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T18:43:44Z","timestamp":1674067424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278461"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Donlan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278461","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]}}}