{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T19:16:18Z","timestamp":1784661378619,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["2021\/93"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/93"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The antifungal effects of<jats:italic>Citrullus colocynthis<\/jats:italic>extract (Hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water) were tested<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>on<jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum<\/jats:italic>f. sp.<jats:italic>lycopersici<\/jats:italic>(Sacc.) W. C. Snyder &amp; H. N. Hans (<jats:italic>FOL<\/jats:italic>), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt. Of these, methanol and water extract at 10% showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth of<jats:italic>FOL<\/jats:italic>by 12.32 and 23.61 mm respectively. The antifungal compounds were identified through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The methanol extract was compatible with the biocontrol agent<jats:italic>Trichoderma viride<\/jats:italic>. The antagonistic fungi were mass-cultured under laboratory conditions using sorghum seeds. Both<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>viride<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>colocynthis<\/jats:italic>methanol extract was also tested alone and together against<jats:italic>FOL<\/jats:italic>under both<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>conditions. The combination of<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>viride<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>colocynthis<\/jats:italic>showed the highest percentage of antifungal activity (82.92%) against<jats:italic>FOL<\/jats:italic>under<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>conditions. This study revealed that induced systemic resistance (ISR) in enhancing the disease resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt disease. The combined treatment of<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>viride<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>colocynthis<\/jats:italic>significantly reduced the disease incidence and index by 21.92 and 27.02% in greenhouse conditions, respectively. Further, the induction of defense enzymes, such as peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), \u03b2-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase were studied. The accumulation of defense enzyme was greater in plants treated with a combination of<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>viride<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>colocynthis<\/jats:italic>compared to the control. Reduction of wilt disease in tomato plants due to the involvement of defense-related enzymes is presumed through this experiment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T17:22:58Z","timestamp":1683048178000},"page":"e0278616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Systematic induced resistance in Solanum lycopersicum (L.) against vascular wilt pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) by Citrullus colocynthis and Trichoderma viride"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Athirstam","family":"Ponsankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0839-2021","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sengottayan","family":"Senthil-Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhakaran","family":"Vasantha-Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghuraman","family":"Pandiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sengodan","family":"Karthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kandaswamy","family":"Kalaivani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthiah","family":"Chellappandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhakrishnan","family":"Narayanaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamalai","family":"Thanigaivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krutmuang","family":"Patcharin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Mahboob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Abdullah","family":"Al-Ghanim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0278616.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2006.07.005","article-title":"An economic analysis and energy use in stake-tomato production in Tokat province of Turkey","volume":"32","author":"K Esengun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Renew. 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