{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:23:40Z","timestamp":1790799820882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["213916\/H10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["213916\/H10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in pregnancy may result in vertical transmission of CMV to the child. Long-term effects of congenital CMV infection include visual, cognitive as well as neurological impairment. The aim of this study was to estimate the odds ratios for CMV seropositivity and seroconversion in mothers, with and without delayed language development in 3 year old children, nested within a large cohort.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is a prospective population-based pregnancy cohort that includes 95 200 mothers and 114 500 children. Blood samples were obtained from mothers during pregnancy weeks 17 or 18 in pregnancy and after birth. We included 300 women from MoBa with children suffering from delayed language development at three years of age, based on validated questionnaires. Within the cohort, 1350 randomly selected women were included as controls to perform a nested case-control study. The cases and controls were tested for CMV IgG antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among mothers of cases, 63.2% were CMV-IgG positive in the sample at birth, as compared to 55.9% among controls; OR 1.36, (95% CI; 1.05 to 1.76). Also, among case mothers, 8\/118 (6.8%) initially seronegative cases, seroconverted. Among initially seronegative controls, seroconversion occurred in 23\/618 (3.7%) mothers. The OR for seroconversion in cases as compared to control mothers was 1.88 (CI; 0.82 to 4.31), thus not statistically significant different.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study shows a higher risk of delayed language development at three years of age in children born by mothers seropositive for CMV, compared to children born from seronegative mothers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T20:10:53Z","timestamp":1669925453000},"page":"e0278623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Maternal cytomegalovirus infection and delayed language development in children at 3 years of age\u2013a nested case-control study in a large population-based pregnancy cohort"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6220-3247","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Regine","family":"Barlinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5047-4982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susanne G.","family":"Dudman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halvor","family":"Rollag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lill","family":"Trogstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas C.","family":"Lindstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278623.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1744","article-title":"The apparent paradox of maternal seropositivity as a risk factor for congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a population-based prediction model","volume":"23","author":"JJ de Vries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reviews in medical virology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278623.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.535","article-title":"Review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection","volume":"17","author":"A Kenneson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reviews in medical virology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278623.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.07.005","article-title":"Intrauterine transmission and clinical outcome of 248 pregnancies with primary cytomegalovirus infection in relation to gestational age","volume":"52","author":"G Enders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of clinical virology: the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"pone.0278623.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.09.002","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) epidemiology and awareness","volume":"46","author":"MJ Cannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of clinical virology: the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278623.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23757","article-title":"Susceptibility to cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and age-dependent differences in levels of rubella antibodies among pregnant women","volume":"86","author":"R Barlinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of medical virology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0278623.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12899","article-title":"Maternal and congenital cytomegalovirus infections in a population-based pregnancy cohort study.","volume":"126","author":"R Barlinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"APMIS: acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278623.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.544","article-title":"New estimates of the prevalence of neurological and sensory sequelae and mortality associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"17","author":"SC Dollard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reviews in medical virology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278623.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-1173","article-title":"Hearing loss and congenital CMV infection: a systematic review","volume":"134","author":"J Goderis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0278623.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13556","article-title":"Long-term impairment attributable to congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"59","author":"MJ Korndewal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental medicine and child neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278623.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl170","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).","volume":"35","author":"P Magnus","year":"2006","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0278623.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw029","article-title":"Cohort Profile Update: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa).","volume":"45","author":"P Magnus","year":"2016","journal-title":"International journal of epidemiology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0278623.ref012","first-page":"29","article-title":"The biobank of Norwegain Mother and Child Cohort Study- present status","volume":"24","author":"HA Paltiel L","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nor J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0278623.ref013","unstructured":"Questionnaires -The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0278623.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.143","article-title":"The Autism Birth Cohort: a paradigm for gene-environment-timing research","volume":"15","author":"C Stoltenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecular psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278623.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00246.x","article-title":"A validation study of the Norwegian version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires","volume":"96","author":"J Richter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278623.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/22.3.313","article-title":"Revision of a parent-completed developmental screening tool: Ages and Stages Questionnaires","volume":"22","author":"J Squires","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278623.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/044)","article-title":"Outcomes of early language delay: I. Predicting persistent and transient language difficulties at 3 and 4 years","volume":"46","author":"PS Dale","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0278623.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1433","article-title":"Folic acid supplements in pregnancy and severe language delay in children","volume":"306","author":"C Roth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278623.ref019","first-page":"370","article-title":"Evaluation of intellectual development of children following congenital, mildly symptomatic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. A prospective study","volume":"14","author":"B Milewska-Bobula","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Wieku Rozwoj"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0278623.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0172-6","article-title":"Clinical findings and adverse outcome in neonates with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (SCCMV) infection","volume":"165","author":"RI Kylat","year":"2006","journal-title":"European journal of pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0278623.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0895-y","article-title":"Inner ear lesions in congenital cytomegalovirus infection of human fetuses","volume":"122","author":"N Teissier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"pone.0278623.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.09.007","article-title":"DECIBEL study: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in young children with permanent bilateral hearing impairment in the Netherlands","volume":"46","author":"AM Korver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Virology"},{"key":"pone.0278623.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00268","article-title":"Long-Term Clinical, Audiological, Visual, Neurocognitive and Behavioral Outcome in Children With Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Treated With Valganciclovir","volume":"7","author":"A Turriziani Colonna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278623.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.655","article-title":"Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection","volume":"20","author":"MJ Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reviews in medical virology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278623.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.659","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seroconversion rates and risk factors: implications for congenital CMV","volume":"20","author":"TB Hyde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reviews in medical virology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0278623.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003066","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003066","article-title":"Changing patterns of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence among pregnant women in Norway between 1995 and 2009 examined in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study and two cohorts from Sor-Trondelag County: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"ML Odland","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278623","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T20:11:13Z","timestamp":1669925473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278623"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zemenu Yohannes","family":"Kassa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278623","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}