{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:28:15Z","timestamp":1780471695669,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The causes of reading difficulties in people with peripheral visual field loss are not fully understood. We conducted a two-dimensional gaze analysis on eye movements during reading in patients with retinitis pigmentosa to investigate the causes of reading difficulties in relation to the central visual field using a binocular eye mark recorder (EMR-9). Twenty-seven patients with retinitis pigmentosa whose central visual field narrowed to \u2264 20\u00b0 using Goldmann kinetic perimetry (I\/4 target) and this present study included eight healthy participants. The participants\u2019 visual acuities were corrected to better than +0.4 logMAR. Correlations and multivariate regression analyses were investigated between the number of letters read correctly, the I\/4 central visual field, V\/4 perifoveal and peripheral visual field, and visual acuity. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that all these parameters played almost equal roles in the number of letters read correctly. In the two-dimensional gaze analysis, the task performance time of patients during reading increased as the I\/4 central visual field narrowed. The task performance time was more clearly correlated with the rotation saccade (r = 0.428, p &lt;0.05) and the distance of the vertical direction (\u03a3Y) of eye movements (r = 0.624, p &lt; 0.01), but not with regressive saccade and the distance of the horizontal direction (\u03a3X). Visual acuity was correlated with the task performance time (-0.436, &lt;0.05) but not with eye movement directionality. Reading difficulties in patients with retinitis pigmentosa result from impaired eye movement directionality. Understanding eye measurements for people with tunnel vision required a two-dimensional gaze analysis. The two-dimensional gaze analysis also showed that the involvement of the perifoveal and peripheral visual fields, visual acuity, and I\/4 central visual field was important for reading in people with tunnel vision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T18:35:00Z","timestamp":1671042900000},"page":"e0278682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Importance of two-dimensional gaze analyses in the assessment of reading performance in patients with retinitis pigmentosa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6248-6312","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masako","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akitoshi","family":"Seiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0278682.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)96009-2","article-title":"Patterns of visual field progression in patients with retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"105","author":"S Grover","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0278682.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00413-9","article-title":"Perceived and actual performance of daily tasks: relationship to visual function tests in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"108","author":"JP Szlyk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0278682.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2009.176","article-title":"Relationship between peripheral visual field loss and vision-related quality of life in patients with retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"24","author":"T Sugawara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"pone.0278682.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(78)90080-9","article-title":"Span of recognition in reading","volume":"18","author":"M Ikeda","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pone.0278682.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0390","article-title":"Reading performance in patients with retinitis pigmentosa: a study using the MNREAD charts","volume":"45","author":"G Virgili","year":"2004","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0278682.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research","volume":"124","author":"K. 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