{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:03:55Z","timestamp":1780473835100,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008871","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation United States of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2-SRA-2020-870-S-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-SRA-2020-870-S-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Type 1 diabetes patients, even ultra-rapid acting insulins injected subcutaneously reach peak concentrations in 45 minutes or longer. The lag time between dosing and peak concentration, as well as intra- and inter-subject variability, render prandial glucose control and dose consistency difficult. We postulated that insulin absorption from subcutaneously implantable vascularizing microchambers would be significantly faster than conventional subcutaneous injection. Male athymic nude <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>norvegicus<\/jats:italic> rendered diabetic with streptozotocin were implanted with vascularizing microchambers (single chamber; 1.5 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> surface area per side; nominal volume, 22.5 \u03bcl). Plasma insulin was assayed after a single dose (1.5 U\/kg) of diluted insulin human (Humulin\u00aeR U-100), injected subcutaneously or via microchamber. Microchambers were also implanted in additional animals and retrieved at intervals for histologic assessment of vascularity. Following conventional subcutaneous injection, the mean peak insulin concentration was 22.7 (SD 14.2) minutes. By contrast, when identical doses of insulin were injected via subcutaneous microchamber 28 days after implantation, the mean peak insulin time was shortened to 7.50 (SD 4.52) minutes. Peak insulin concentrations were similar by either route; however, inter-subject variability was reduced when insulin was administered via microchamber. Histologic examination of tissue surrounding microchambers showed mature vascularization on days 21 and 40 post-implantation. Implantable vascularizing microchambers of similar design may prove clinically useful for insulin dosing, either intermittently by needle, or continuously by pump including in \u201cclosed loop\u201d systems, such as the artificial pancreas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T18:19:50Z","timestamp":1688062790000},"page":"e0278794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Accelerated absorption of regular insulin administered via a vascularizing permeable microchamber implanted subcutaneously in diabetic Rattus norvegicus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Leah 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