{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T09:33:44Z","timestamp":1780047224164,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the psychometric performance and responsiveness of Catquest-9SF, a patient-reported questionnaire developed to evaluate visual function as related to daily tasks, in patients referred for cataract surgery in Ontario, Canada.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is a pooled analysis on prospective data collected for previous projects. Subjects were recruited from three tertiary care centers in Peel region, Hamilton, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Catquest-9SF was administered pre-operative and post-operatively to patients with cataract. Psychometric properties, including category threshold order, infit\/outfit, precision, unidimensionality, targeting, and differential item functioning were tested using Rasch analysis with Winsteps software (v.4.4.4) for Catquest-9SF. Responsiveness of questionnaire scores to cataract surgery was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>934 patients (mean age = 71.6, 492[52.7%] female) completed the pre- and post-operative Catquest-9SF questionnaire. Catquest-9SF had ordered response thresholds, adequate precision (person separation index = 2.01, person reliability = 0.80), and confirmed unidimensionality. The infit range was 0.75\u20131.29 and the outfit range was 0.74\u20131.51, with one item (\u2018satisfaction with vision\u2019) misfitting (outfit value = 1.51). There was mistargeting of -1.07 in pre-operative scores and mistargeting of -2.43 in both pre- and post-operative scores, meaning that tasks were relatively easy for respondent ability. There was no adverse differential item functioning. There was a mean 1.47 logit improvement in Catquest-9SF scores after cataract surgery (p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Catquest-9SF is a psychometrically robust questionnaire for assessment of visual function in patients with cataract in Ontario, Canada. It is also responsive to clinical improvement after cataract surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T17:35:29Z","timestamp":1688664929000},"page":"e0278863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multi-center validation of Catquest-9SF visual function questionnaire in Ontario, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2207-5471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Kabanovski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bindra","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8381-4960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chelsea","family":"D\u2019Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona C.","family":"Minotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7251-9870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jenny","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3831-4676","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendy","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9988-4146","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Varun","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif","family":"El-Defrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iqbal Ike","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1192-5992","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Schlenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0278863.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.838","article-title":"Projecting the growth of cataract surgery during the next 25 years","volume":"130","author":"WV Hatch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278863.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2016.02.010","article-title":"Predictors of functional vision changes after cataract surgery: the PROVISION study","volume":"51","author":"V Chaudhary","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0278863.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(01)00194-1","article-title":"Visual function assessment questionnaires.","volume":"45","author":"RW Massof","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0278863.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.7.1050","article-title":"Development of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire","volume":"119","author":"CM Mangione","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0278863.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1075","article-title":"The Activities of Daily Vision Scale for cataract surgery outcomes: re-evaluating validity with Rasch analysis","volume":"44","author":"K Pesudovs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278863.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1994.01090170074026","article-title":"The VF-14. An index of functional impairment in patients with cataract","volume":"112","author":"EP Steinberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0278863.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181339f30","article-title":"Developing a preference-based Glaucoma Utility Index using a discrete choice experiment.","volume":"84","author":"JM Burr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci."},{"key":"pone.0278863.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S162802","article-title":"The use of patient-reported outcome research in modern ophthalmology: impact on clinical trials and routine clinical practice.","volume":"10","author":"T Braithwaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Patient Relat Outcome Meas"},{"key":"pone.0278863.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-27","article-title":"Classical Test Theory versus Rasch analysis for quality of life questionnaire reduction.","volume":"1","author":"L Prieto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0278863.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000001","article-title":"Quality assessment of ophthalmic questionnaires: review and recommendations.","volume":"90","author":"J Khadka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0278863.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(97)80321-5","article-title":"Catquest questionnaire for use in cataract surgery care: description, validity, and reliability.","volume":"23","author":"M Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278863.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.11.038","article-title":"Catquest-9SF patient outcomes questionnaire: nine-item short-form Rasch-scaled revision of the Catquest questionnaire.","volume":"35","author":"M Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278863.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0833-3","article-title":"Catquest-9SF questionnaire: validation of Malay and Chinese-language versions using Rasch analysis.","volume":"16","author":"TH Adnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0278863.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.297","article-title":"Cataract surgery patient-reported outcome measures: a head-to-head comparison of the psychometric performance and patient acceptability of the Cat-PROM5 and Catquest-9SF self-report questionnaires.","volume":"32","author":"JM Sparrow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278863.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13287","article-title":"Validation, test-retest reliability and norm scores for the Dutch Catquest-9SF.","volume":"95","author":"MS Visser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278863.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0743-0","article-title":"The Chinese Catquest-9SF: validation and application in community screenings.","volume":"18","author":"Z Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0278863.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0237788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237788","article-title":"Catquest-9SF questionnaire and eCAPS: Validation in a Canadian population.","volume":"15","author":"MB Schlenker","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0278863.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2009.02133.x","article-title":"Catquest questionnaire: re-validation in an Australian cataract population.","volume":"37","author":"VK Gothwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278863.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.11.028","article-title":"Impact of bilateral cataract surgery on vision-related activity limitations","volume":"39","author":"A Harrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0278863.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0164182","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164182","article-title":"Assessment of Cataract Surgery Outcome Using the Modified Catquest Short-Form Instrument in China.","volume":"11","author":"J Khadka","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0278863.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103860","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103860","article-title":"Validation of Catquest-9SF questionnaire in a Chinese cataract population.","volume":"9","author":"X Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0278863.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2009.01801.x","article-title":"The outcome of cataract surgery measured with the Catquest-9SF.","volume":"89","author":"M Lundstrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0278863.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.10.011","article-title":"Validation of the Spanish Catquest-9SF in patients with a monofocal or trifocal intraocular lens.","volume":"42","author":"M Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0278863.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13921","article-title":"Validation of Catquest-9SF in Danish: developing a revised form of the Catquest-9SF\u2014the Danish Catquest-7SF.","volume":"97","author":"E Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"pone.0278863.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-016-0043-9","article-title":"The Italian Catquest-9SF cataract questionnaire: translation, validation and application.","volume":"3","author":"E Skiadaresi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278863.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-021-00233-7","article-title":"Validity of the French version of Catquest-9SF and use of an electronic notepad for entering patient-reported outcome measures.","volume":"8","author":"G Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)."},{"key":"pone.0278863.ref027","unstructured":"Chukhraev AM, Omelyanovskiy VV, Shchurov DG, Musina NZ, Savin EA, Gostishchev RV, et al. Validity and reliability assessment of the Russian version of the CATQUEST-9SF questionnaire. Available from: https:\/\/conference.ichom.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/1821.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0278863.ref028","first-page":"S0004","article-title":"Catquest-9SF questionnaire: validation of the Portuguese version using the Rasch analysis.","volume":"14","author":"HM Antunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0278863.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000791","article-title":"Predictive accuracy of an intraoperative aberrometry device for a new monofocal intraocular lens.","volume":"48","author":"LS Spekreijse","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278863.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2021.05.002","article-title":"Visual and satisfaction results with implantation of the trifocal Panoptix\u00ae intraocular lens in cataract surgery","volume":"15","author":"V Galvis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0278863.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-020-00220-4","article-title":"Catquest-9SF functioning over a decade\u2014a study from the Swedish National Cataract Register.","volume":"7","author":"M Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0278863.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.008","article-title":"A head-to-head comparison of 16 cataract surgery outcome questionnaires","volume":"118","author":"C McAlinden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0278863.ref033","volume-title":"User\u2019s Guide to Winsteps: Rasch-Model Computer Program.","author":"JM Linacre","year":"2002"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0278863.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener.","volume":"41","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0278863.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1997.00076.x","article-title":"Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many","volume":"12","author":"MA Whooley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0278863.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.02.030","article-title":"Ramulu P; Low Vision Research Network Study Group. Characterizing functional complaints in patients seeking outpatient low-vision services in the United States","volume":"121","author":"JC Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"pone.0278863.ref037","unstructured":"Edemekong PF, Bomgaars DL, Sukumaran S, Levy SB. Activities of Daily Living. [Updated 2021 Jul 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470404"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278863.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539512443698","article-title":"Comorbid visual and cognitive impairment: relationship with disability status and self-rated health among older Singaporeans.","volume":"26","author":"HE Whitson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0278863.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.12.002","article-title":"Validation and application of Catquest-9SF in various populations: A systematic review.","volume":"65","author":"A Kabanovski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"key":"pone.0278863.ref040","article-title":"Local Dependency and Rasch Measures","author":"P. Baghaei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rasch Measurement Transactions"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T17:36:07Z","timestamp":1688664967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278863"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Timo","family":"Eppig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0278863","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]}}}