{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:07:53Z","timestamp":1740146873492,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1024440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1024440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1013234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1013234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may increase stroke risk; retinal arteriolar (central retinal arteriolar equivalent, CRAE) diameter narrowing and\/or retinal venular (central retinal venule equivalent, CRVE) widening may predict stroke. We examined relationships between sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and CRAE and CRVE and in a diabetes-free sleep clinic cohort.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients for SDB assessment were recruited (Main Group, n = 264, age: 58.5 \u00b1 8.9 yrs [mean \u00b1 SD]; males: 141) for in-laboratory polysomnography (standard metrics, eg apnea hypopnea index, AHI) and retinal photographs (evening and morning). A more severe SDB sub-group (n = 85) entered a 12-month cardiovascular risk factor minimisation (hypertension\/hypercholesterolemia control; RFM) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) intervention (RFM\/CPAP Sub-Group); successfully completed by n = 66 (AHI = 32.4 [22.1\u201345.3] events\/hour, median[IQR]). Univariate (Spearman\u2019s correlation, t-test) and multiple linear regression models examined non-SDB and SDB associations with CRAE and CRVE measures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Main Group<\/jats:italic>: Evening CRAE predictors were: systolic blood pressure (0.18\u03bcm decrease per mmHg, p = 0.001), age (2.47\u03bcm decrease per decade, p = 0.012), Caucasian ethnicity (4.45 \u03bcm versus non-Caucasian, p = 0.011), height (0.24 \u03bcm decrease per cm increase, p = 0.005) and smoking history (3.08 \u03bcm increase, p = 0.052). Evening CRVE predictors were: Caucasian ethnicity (11.52 \u03bcm decrease versus non-Caucasian, p&gt;0.001), diastolic blood pressure (0.34 \u03bcm increase in CRVE per mmHg, p = 0.001), hypertension history (6.5 \u03bcm decrease, p = 0.005), and smoking history (4.6 \u03bcm increase, p = 0.034). No SDB metric (all p&gt;0.08) predicted CRAE or CRVE measures. <jats:italic>RFM\/CPAP Sub-Group<\/jats:italic>: A one-unit increase in ln(AHI+1) was associated with a 0.046\u03bcm increase in CRAE (n = 85; p = 0.029). Mean evening CRAE and CRVE values did not change across the intervention (n = 66), but evening CRVE decreased ~6.0 \u03bcm for individuals with AHI &gt;30 events\/hr.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>No major SDB associations with CRAE or CRVE were identified, although the RFM\/CPAP intervention reduced evening CRVE for severe OSA patients. Implications for cerebro-vascular disease risk remain uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The protocol was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (Trial Id: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.anzctr.org.au\/ACTRN12620000694910\" xlink:type=\"simple\">ACTRN12620000694910<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T18:46:41Z","timestamp":1673376401000},"page":"e0279306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sleep disordered breathing has minimal association with retinal microvascular diameters in a non-diabetic sleep clinic cohort"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8808-3183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kristina","family":"Kairaitis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8436-2823","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Terence C.","family":"Amis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Drury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-0275","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Lambeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0104-5679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard I.","family":"Lindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Wheatley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0279306.ref001","first-page":"1322","article-title":"Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Cardiovascular Disorders.","volume":"55","author":"R Budhiraja","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respiratory Care."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279306.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-004-0032-6","article-title":"Cerebrovascular disease and sleep.","volume":"4","author":"A. Culebras","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0279306.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118216.84358.22","article-title":"Cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing: Past, present and future\u2014Report of a workshop from the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.","volume":"109","author":"SF Quan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279306.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200911-1746OC","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and incident stroke: the sleep heart health study","volume":"182","author":"S Redline","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 34","key":"pone.0279306.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4201","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.08.56","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnoea.","volume":"10","author":"S. 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