{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T18:06:16Z","timestamp":1772215576278,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2U54MD01239306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2U54MD01239306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between lifetime abuse (i.e., childhood abuse, intimate partner violence) and risky behaviors is well established. One proposed mechanism is poor emotion regulation and executive functioning, as a potential mechanism that may explain the relationship between lifetime abuse and risky behaviors. However, research on executive functioning and emotion regulation as mediators of this relationship has been limited. In the present study, we examined this association. We hypothesized that lifetime abuse would be significantly associated with executive function and emotion regulation which in turn would be associated with greater alcohol use and risky sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 150 women with a history of lifetime abuse who were assessed for hazardous alcohol use using the AUDIT Score; emotion regulation was measured using the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS); risky sex was measured using the question: \"in the last 90 days, how many people did you have anal or vaginal sex without using a condom? Executive function was assessed using the NIH Toolbox.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mediation model followed the self-regulation theory, which proposes executive function as the higher-order cognitive process. Results showed that executive function deficit and poor emotion regulation significantly mediated the relationship between lifetime abuse and hazardous alcohol use (indirect effect = .097, SE .031, 95% CI = .035 to .158).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest a higher-order cognitive process with executive function promoting emotion regulation as a potential mechanism for alcohol problems in women of color who experienced lifetime abuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T13:29:01Z","timestamp":1698672541000},"page":"e0279325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Emotion regulation and cognitive function as mediating factors for the association between lifetime abuse and risky behaviors in women of color"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1561-2865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karina","family":"Villalba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5342-2974","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa H.","family":"Domenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyndester","family":"Michael-Samaroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5271-5820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Jose Del Pino","family":"Espejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4424-9268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pilar","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessy G.","family":"D\u00e9vieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0279325.ref001","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/CM_Surveillance-a.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279325.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838011404253","article-title":"Cumulative abuse: do things add up? An evaluation of the conceptualization, operationalization, and methodological approaches in the study of the phenomenon of cumulative abuse","volume":"12","author":"K. Scott-Storey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref003","first-page":"9926","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in physical abuse reporting and child protective services interventions in the United States","author":"SR Dakil","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref004","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/pdf\/nisvs\/NISVSReportonIPV_2022.pdf"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0279325.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.17.6.639.33725","article-title":"Childhood victimization and subsequent adult revictimization assessed in a nationally representative sample of women and men","volume":"17","author":"S Desai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0279325.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0434-1","article-title":"From Violence in the Home to Physical Dating Violence Victimization: The Mediating Role of Psychological Distress in a Prospective Study of Female Adolescents","volume":"45","author":"M. Cascardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0279325.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838011416378","article-title":"Victims\u2019 influence on intimate partner violence revictimization: a systematic review of prospective evidence","volume":"12","author":"KF Kuijpers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0279325.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801216664427","article-title":"Adult Victimization in Female Survivors of Childhood Violence and Abuse: The Contribution of Multiple Types of Violence","volume":"23","author":"HF Aakvaag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279325.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02734-5","article-title":"The revictimization of older Mexican women: understanding the accumulation of multiple victimizations throughout a lifetime","volume":"22","author":"L Giraldo-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279325.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980109603677","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse","volume":"135","author":"EO Paolucci","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279325.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.3.575","article-title":"A prospective investigation of the impact of childhood sexual abuse on the development of sexuality","volume":"71","author":"JG Noll","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref012","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Sexual abuse of girls and HIV infection among women: Are they related? From child sexual abuse to adult sexual risk: Trauma, revictimization, and intervention","author":"LJ Koenig","year":"2004"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0279325.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.04.017","article-title":"Women\u2019s condom use assertiveness and sexual risk-taking: Effects of alcohol intoxication and adult victimization","volume":"33","author":"SA Stoner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0279325.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.10.953","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: an epidemiological and cotwin control analysis","volume":"57","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0279325.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(00)00066-6","article-title":"Childhood trauma as a correlate of lifetime opiate use in psychiatric patients","volume":"25","author":"K Heffernan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0279325.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.12.007","article-title":"The impact of childhood abuse on inpatient substance users: specific links with risky sex, aggression, and emotion dysregulation","volume":"38","author":"AN Banducci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0279325.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20177","article-title":"Childhood abuse and intake severity in alcohol disorder patients","volume":"19","author":"C Zlotnick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0279325.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-200037546","article-title":"Childhood abuse history and substance use among men and women receiving detoxification services","volume":"30","author":"C Brems","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0279325.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515591276","article-title":"Childhood Sexual Abuse and Later Alcohol-Related Problems: Investigating the Roles of Revictimization, PTSD, and Drinking Motivations Among College Women","volume":"32","author":"SM Hannan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.01.006","article-title":"Managing emotion in a maltreating context: A pilot study examining child neglect","volume":"29","author":"K Shipman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v10n02_06","article-title":"Experiential avoidance and high-risk sexual behaviors in survivors of child sexual abuse","volume":"10","author":"SV Batten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80060-7","article-title":"Beyond PTSD: Emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood abuse","volume":"36","author":"M Cloitre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0279325.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.05.001","article-title":"The contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to risky sexual behavior within a sample of patients in residential substance abuse treatment","volume":"37","author":"MT Tull","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.11.003","article-title":"A prospective investigation of emotion dysregulation as a moderator of the relation between posttraumatic stress symptoms and substance use severity","volume":"29","author":"MT Tull","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1037\/11468-012","volume-title":"Intervening With Couples and Families to Treat Emotion Dysregulation and Psychopathology. Emotion regulation in couples and families: Pathways to dysfunction and health","author":"AE Fruzzetti","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fruzzetti AE, Worrall JM, editors. Accurate Expression and Validating Responses: A Transactional Model for Understanding Individual and Relationship Distress2010.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195380170.003.0005"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0279325.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2014.904466","article-title":"Cognitive Control in the Face of Fear: Reduced Cognitive-Emotional Flexibility in Women with a History of Child Abuse","volume":"23","author":"JG Caldwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279325.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","article-title":"The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \"Frontal Lobe\" tasks: a latent variable analysis","volume":"41","author":"A Miyake","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cognitive psychology"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref029","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Individual differences in self-regulation: Implications for childhood adjustment. The regulation of emotion","author":"SD Calkins","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0279325.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.5.1067","article-title":"Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: a phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse","volume":"70","author":"M Cloitre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicchetti D, Ganiban JM, Barnett D, editors. Contributions from the study of high risk populations to understanding the development of emotion regulation1991.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511663963.003"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279325.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2013.877920","article-title":"Alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences: associations with emotion regulation difficulties","volume":"40","author":"RD Dvorak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref033","unstructured":"WHO. WHO multi country study on women\u2019s health and life events. Gender, Equity and Human Rights. 2005."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0279325.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.9.1329","article-title":"Initial reliability and validity of the Childhood Trauma Interview: A new multidimensional measure of childhood interpersonal trauma","volume":"152","author":"LA Fink","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279325.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale","volume":"26","author":"KL Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 3","key":"pone.0279325.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182872e90","article-title":"The NIH toolbox: setting a standard for biomedical research","volume":"80","author":"RJ Hodes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref037","first-page":"507","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542","article-title":"Mediation analysis","volume":"58","author":"DP MacKinnon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279325.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2012.659802","article-title":"The Relationships Among Childhood Maltreatment, Emotion Regulation, and Sexual Risk-Taking in Men from Urban STD Clinics","volume":"21","author":"TM Mueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Aggress Maltreat Trauma"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00052","article-title":"Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review","volume":"6","author":"H Hart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279325.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2006.08.006","article-title":"A laboratory-based study of the relationship between childhood abuse and experiential avoidance among inner-city substance users: The role of emotional nonacceptance","volume":"38","author":"KL Gratz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0279325.ref042","first-page":"499","article-title":"Impact of Childhood Trauma on Executive Function in Adolescence-Mediating Functional Brain Networks and Prediction of High-Risk Drinking","volume":"5","author":"S Silveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279325.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031073","article-title":"The role of substance use and emotion dysregulation in predicting risk for incapacitated sexual revictimization in women: results of a prospective investigation","volume":"27","author":"TL Messman-Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0279325.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512441081","article-title":"Lifetime sexual victimization and poor risk perception: does emotion dysregulation account for the links?","volume":"27","author":"K Walsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.11.027","article-title":"A longitudinal study of emotion regulation among sexually abused preschoolers","volume":"63","author":"A Seguin-Lemire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279325.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13928","article-title":"Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: proposed psychological and neural mechanisms","volume":"1428","author":"KA Duffy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref047","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intrinsic brain network alterations in non-clinical adults with a history of childhood trauma","volume":"12","author":"Haofei Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0279325.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1154-3","article-title":"Partner pressure, victimization history, and alcohol: Women\u2019s condom-decision abdication mediated by mood and anticipated negative partner reaction","volume":"20","author":"WH George","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0279325.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.606718","article-title":"Commentary: Mediation Analysis, Causal Process, and Cross-Sectional Data","volume":"46","author":"PE Shrout","year":"2011","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"pone.0279325.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(05)80060-7","article-title":"Beyond PTSD: Emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood abuse","volume":"36","author":"M Cloitre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavior TherapyA"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T13:29:43Z","timestamp":1698672583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279325"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ahorsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279325","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.01.07.22283182","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]}}}