{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:08:55Z","timestamp":1773256135391,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005688","name":"Gottfried und Julia Bangerter-Rhyner-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Doublecortin (DCX) and glypican-2 (GPC2) are neurodevelopmental proteins involved in the differentiation of neural stem\/progenitor cells (NSPCs) to neurons, and are developmentally downregulated in neurons after birth. In this study, we investigated whether the concentrations of DCX and GPC2 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from human pediatric patients reflect this developmental process or are associated with cerebral damage or inflammatory markers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>CSF was collected from pediatric patients requiring neurosurgical treatment. The concentrations of DCX, GPC2, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u237a) were measured using immunoassays.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>From March 2013 until October 2018, 63 CSF samples were collected from 38 pediatric patients (20 females; 17 patients with repeated measurements); the median term born-adjusted age was 3.27 years [Q1: 0.31, Q3: 7.72]. The median concentration of DCX was 329 pg\/ml [Q1: 192.5, Q3: 1179.6] and that of GPC2 was 26 pg\/ml [Q1: 13.25, Q3: 149.25]. DCX and GPC2 concentrations independently significantly associated with age, and their concentration declined with advancing age, reaching undetectable levels at 0.3 years for DCX, and plateauing at 1.5 years for GPC2. Both DCX and GPC2 associated with hydrocephalus, NSE, IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-8, IL-13. No relationship was found between sex, acute infection, S100B, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1 and DCX or GPC2, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Concentrations of DCX and GPC2 in the CSF from pediatric patients are developmentally downregulated, with the highest concentrations measured at the earliest adjusted age, and reflect a neurodevelopmental stage rather than a particular disease state.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T18:39:32Z","timestamp":1676659172000},"page":"e0279343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Doublecortin and Glypican-2 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid from infants are developmentally downregulated"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0030-666X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine","family":"Br\u00e9g\u00e8re","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Fisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2755-9501","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Florian Samuel","family":"Halbeisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2807-6926","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tanja","family":"Dittmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5387-1796","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Stricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soheila","family":"Aghlmandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0279343.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/embr.201438447","article-title":"Neurogenesis 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