{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:06:49Z","timestamp":1791230809050,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is closely associated with cervical carcinoma. Co-infection in the endocervical environment with other microorganisms, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , may increase the risk of HPV infection and neoplastic progression. While in some individuals,\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is resolved with the activation of Th1\/IFN-\u03b3-mediated immune response, others develop a chronic infection marked by Th2-mediated immune response, resulting in intracellular persistence of the bacterium and increasing the risk of HPV infection. This work aimed to quantify cytokines of the Th1\/Th2\/Th17 profile in exfoliated cervix cells (ECC) and peripheral blood (PB) of patients positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA, patients positive for Papillomavirus DNA, and healthy patients. Cytokine levels were quantified by flow cytometry in ECC and PB samples from patients positive for\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA (n = 18), patients positive for HPV DNA (n = 30), and healthy patients (n = 17) treated at the Hospital de Amor, Campo Grande-MS. After analysis, a higher concentration of IL-17, IL-6, and IL-4 (p &lt;0.05) in ECC; INF-\u03b3 and IL-10 (p &lt;0.05) in PB was found in samples from patients positive for\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA compared to samples from healthy patients. When comparing samples from patients positive for HPV DNA, there was a higher concentration of cytokines IL-17, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-4 (p &lt;0.05) in ECC and IL-4 and IL-2 (p &lt;0.05) in PB of patients positive for\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA. These results suggest that induction of Th2- and Th17 mediated immune response occurs in patients positive for\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA, indicating chronic infection. Our results also demonstrate a high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in ECC of patients positive for\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T13:33:19Z","timestamp":1678455199000},"page":"e0279390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cytokine profiling of samples positive for Chlamydia trachomatis and Human papillomavirus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Larissa Zatorre Almeida","family":"Lugo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6514-537X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marco Antonio Moreira","family":"Puga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Mareti Bonin","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cacilda Tezelli Junqueira","family":"Padovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Calarge","family":"Nocetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa Souza","family":"Tupin\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Fl\u00e1via Silva","family":"Pina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Naed Martins","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alda Maria Teixeira","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eurico dos Santos","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriane Cristina","family":"Bovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-3885","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J\u00falio C\u00e9sar Possati","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas Aparecida","family":"Tozetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0279390.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1086\/657320","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis assessed by gram stain and diminished colonization resistance to incident gonococcal, chlamydial, and trichomonal genitalinfection","volume":"202","author":"RM BROTMAN","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref002","volume-title":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref003","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Evaluation of Association between vaginal infections and high-risk human papillomavirus types in female sex workers in Spain","volume":"240190","author":"C. RODRIGUEZ-CERDEIRA","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279390.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2427\/5673","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among sexually active women in Turin, Italy.","volume":"8","author":"MC SALFA","year":"2011","journal-title":"IJPH"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304","article-title":"Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting.","volume":"10","author":"L NEWMAN","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0279390.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1053\/spid.2002.127201","article-title":"The intracellular life of chlamydiae","volume":"13","author":"MR Hammerschlag","year":"2002","journal-title":"Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"October","key":"pone.0279390.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Role of the Immune Response in Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of the Male Genital Tract: A DoubleEdged Sword.","volume":"5","author":"A. Redgrove K","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-016-0111-8","article-title":"Frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in cervical intraepithelial lesions and the status of cytological p16\/Ki-67 dual-staining","volume":"12","author":"R Robial","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02647.x","article-title":"Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections","volume":"15","author":"C. B\u00e9b\u00e9ar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0279390.ref010","first-page":"387","article-title":"Type 1 cytokine response and treatment outcome of genital","volume":"73","author":"G. STELLATO","year":"1997","journal-title":"HPV lesions.Genitourinary Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279390.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.2.209-220.2001","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune response to human papillomavirus infection","volume":"8","author":"M. SCOTT","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3122-3","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection: implications for HPV status and cervical cancer","volume":"289","author":"J. 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Scurlock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity Feb"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.06.015","article-title":"Local profile of cytokines and nitric oxide in patients with bacterial vaginosis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia","volume":"138","author":"BM Tavares-Murta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.09.012","article-title":"Differences in the concentration and correlation of cervical immune markers among HPV positive and negative perimenopausal women","volume":"56","author":"MA Marks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.04.008","article-title":"Interleukin-17 expression in the serum and exfoliated cervical cells of patients infected with high-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus","volume":"120","author":"CM Bonin","year":"2019","journal-title":"CYTOKINE"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.357-361.2000","article-title":"Improved amplification of genital human papillomaviruses","volume":"38","author":"PE Gravitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460040048027","article-title":"Genital human papillomavirus infection in female university students as determined by a PCR based method","volume":"265","author":"HM Bauer","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702003000200001","article-title":"Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical smears of sexually active women in Manaus-AM, Brazil, by PCR","volume":"7","author":"C Santos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0279390.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1822","article-title":"Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association","volume":"25","author":"J Doorbar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279390.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22325","article-title":"Risk of cervical cancer associated with Chlamydia Trachomatis antibodies by histology, HPV type and HPV cofactors","volume":"120","author":"M. M. MADELEINE","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0279390.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.01.004","article-title":"Immunological\u2019s host profile for HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis, a cervical cancer cofactor","volume":"11","author":"AC Simonetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0279390.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45201","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045201","article-title":"Association between bacterial vaginosis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"E Gillet","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref028","unstructured":"SANTO, I.; AZEVEDO, J.; BORREGO, M. J.; GOMES, J. P.; VERDASCA, N.; PISTA, A. Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients selected for HPV detection. In: International Papillomavirus Conference and Clinical Workshop, 27. 2011, Berlim.Anais Berlim: The Internationales Congress Centrum Berlin, 2011."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279390.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2000.00024.x","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis and human papillomavirus infection in Indian women with sexually transmitted diseases and cervical precancerous and cancerous lesions","volume":"6","author":"V Gopalkrishna","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0279390.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5924","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01029-07","article-title":"The Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase\/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Induces the Inflammatory Factor Interleukin-8 following Chlamydia trachomatis Infection","volume":"75","author":"KR Buchholz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity Nov"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v32.i1.30","article-title":"Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease","volume":"32","author":"SS Iyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1086\/597620","article-title":"Cytokine polymorphisms and severity of tubal damage in women with Chlamydia-associated infertility","volume":"199","author":"H Ohman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/520174","article-title":"The antiinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10, inhibits inflammatory mediators in human epithelial cells and mouse macrophages exposed to live and UV-inactivated Chlamydia trachomatis.","volume":"2012","author":"AN Yilma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279390.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058565","article-title":"Human female genital tract infection by the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis elicits robust Type 2 immunity","volume":"8","author":"RD Vicetti Miguel","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref035","first-page":"6587296","article-title":"The Immunoregulation of Th17 in Host against Intracellular Bacterial Infection.","author":"Y Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0279390.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1254","article-title":"Interleukin 17\u2013producing CD4+ effector T cells develop via a lineage distinct from the T helper type 1 and 2 lineages","volume":"6","author":"L. E. Harrington","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0279390.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12171","article-title":"IL-23 induces IL-22 and IL-17 production in response to Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infection, but the absence of these cytokines does not influence disease pathogenesis","volume":"70","author":"L. C. Frazer","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0279390.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8479","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00724-14","article-title":"\u201cInterleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17 synergistically promote viral persistence by inhibiting cellular apoptosis and cytotoxic T cell function,\u201d","volume":"88","author":"W. Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279390.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.02.004","article-title":"Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer using CD4(+) T cells","volume":"21","author":"P Muranski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.5.3375","article-title":"Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells produce sufficient IFN-gamma to mediate robust protective immunity against genital Chlamydia muridarum infection","volume":"180","author":"W Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279390.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz087","article-title":"Cervical Cytokines Associated With Chlamydia trachomatis Susceptibility and Protection","volume":"220","author":"TB Poston","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000264","article-title":"Role of secreted conjunctival mucosal cytokine and chemokine proteins in different stages of trachomatous disease","volume":"2","author":"TA Skwor","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279390.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20257","article-title":"Chamydia tachomatis and invasive cervical c\u00e2ncer: a pooled analysis of the IARC multicentric case-control study.","volume":"111","author":"JS SMITH","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int j c\u00e2ncer."},{"key":"pone.0279390.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364293","article-title":"IL-10 polymorphism and cell-mediated immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"7","author":"H Ohman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279390.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000672","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human PBMCs through induction of IL-10","volume":"67","author":"K Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279390.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058565","article-title":"Human Female Genital Tract Infection by the Obligate Intracellular Bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis Elicits Robust Type 2 Immunity","volume":"8","author":"D. Rodolfo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279390.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119136","article-title":"Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to Chlamydia infection suggests a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis","volume":"99","author":"SJ Rasmussen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279390.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0248639","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248639","article-title":"IL-6 and IL-10 in the serum and exfoliated cervical cells of patients infected with high-risk human papillomavirus.","volume":"16","author":"CM BONIN-JACOB","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:39:53Z","timestamp":1729039193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279390"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Forsthuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0279390","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}}}