{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:43:31Z","timestamp":1777099411923,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007235","name":"Colorado State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) infections can trigger conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, and occasionally retinitis, and is a major cause of blindness worldwide. The infections are lifelong and can often recrudesce during periods of stress or immune suppression. Currently HSV-1 infections of the eye are managed primarily with anti-viral eye drops, which require frequent administration, can cause irritation, and may take weeks for full resolution of symptoms. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of an ocular immune activating nanoparticle eye drop as a novel approach to treating HSV-1 infection, using a cat feline herpesvirus -1 (FHV-1) ocular infection model. In vitro studies demonstrated significant induction of both type I and II interferon responses by the liposome-dual TLR 3\/9 agonist nanoparticles, along with suppression of FHV-1 replication. In cats with naturally occurring eye infections either proven or suspected to involve FHV-1, ocular nanoparticle treated animals experienced resolution of signs within several days of treatment, including resolution of keratitis and corneal ulcers. In a cat model of recrudescent FHV-1 infection, cats treated twice daily with immune nanoparticle eye drops experienced significant lessening of ocular signs of infection and significantly fewer episodes of viral shedding compared to control cats. Treatment was well-tolerated by all cats, without signs of drug-induced ocular irritation. We concluded therefore that non-specific ocular immunotherapy offers significant promise as a novel approach to treatment of HSV-1 and FHV-1 ocular infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T18:37:11Z","timestamp":1673030231000},"page":"e0279462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nanoparticle ocular immunotherapy for herpesvirus surface eye infections evaluated in cat infection model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Lappin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Wotman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-9517","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lyndah","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4029-3894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maggie","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5488-9464","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven","family":"Dow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0279462.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12835","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus keratitis: an update of the pathogenesis and current treatment with oral and topical antiviral agents\u2014response.","volume":"45","author":"M Tsatsos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279462.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.10.002","article-title":"Pathogenesis of herpes simplex keratitis: The host cell response and ocular surface sequelae to infection and inflammation","volume":"17","author":"AM Lobo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0279462.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020221029","article-title":"Epidemiology of ocular herpes simplex. 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