{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T19:09:04Z","timestamp":1782500944852,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1011579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1011579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> is a protozoan parasite that infects humans, companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. Infections in cattle caused by this parasite are often asymptomatic, but such infections can cause diarrhea, reduced weight gain, and ill-thrift in young calves. Although <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>duodenalis<\/jats:italic> causes diarrhea in calves, only a few studies have been conducted on calves in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>duodenalis<\/jats:italic> assemblages in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the ROK, identify the association between the occurrence of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>duodenalis<\/jats:italic> and the age of calf, and perform molecular characterization of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>duodenalis<\/jats:italic>. We collected 455 fecal samples from pre-weaned native Korean calves (\u226460 days old) with diarrhea in four different regions. <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>duodenalis<\/jats:italic> was detected using nested PCR targeting the beta-giardin (<jats:italic>bg<\/jats:italic>) gene, and positive samples were further genotyped for the glutamate dehydrogenase (<jats:italic>gdh<\/jats:italic>) and triosephosphate isomerase (<jats:italic>tpi<\/jats:italic>) genes. The overall prevalence of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>duodenalis<\/jats:italic> in calves with diarrhea was 4.4% (20\/455) based on the analysis of <jats:italic>bg<\/jats:italic>. The highest prevalence was observed in calves aged 11\u221230 days (7.5%; 95% confidence interval: 3.7%\u201311.3%), whereas the lowest prevalence was observed in neonatal calves. From the 20 samples that were positive for <jats:italic>bg<\/jats:italic>, 16, 5, and 6 sequences were obtained following genotyping of <jats:italic>bg<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gdh<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>tpi<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Sequencing analysis of the <jats:italic>bg<\/jats:italic> gene revealed the presence of assemblage E (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 15) and sub-assemblage A\u2160 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1) in the samples. Moreover, we detected mixed infections with assemblages E and A in two calves for the first time. Among the sequences obtained herein, two new subtypes of assemblage E were detected in <jats:italic>gdh<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>tpi<\/jats:italic> sequences each. The results suggest that <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>duodenalis<\/jats:italic> is an infectious agent causing diarrhea in calves, and pre-weaned calves are at a higher risk of infection than neonatal calves. Multilocus genotyping should be performed to confirm the presence of potentially zoonotic genotypes. These results highlight the importance of cattle as a source of zoonotic transmission of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>duodenalis<\/jats:italic> to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T18:36:59Z","timestamp":1673635019000},"page":"e0279533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the Republic of Korea"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yu-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Chul","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-5360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyoung-Seong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279533.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.022","article-title":"Genetic 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