{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:37:14Z","timestamp":1790095034159,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Existing literature that examines the Hikikomori-like idiom of distress (HLID) initially labelled this phenomenon as a culture-bound syndrome. However, the increasing number of reports from other parts of the world suggest that HLID could instead be a culture-reactive idiom of distress, originating from biopsychosocial disequilibrium and cultural upheaval. The impact of imposed social withdrawal due to the Coronavirus 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic on the growing prevalence of HLID has not yet been adequately explored. Aims: The first objective is to examine the factorial validity of the 25-item\n                      <jats:italic>Hikikomori Questionnaire<\/jats:italic>\n                      (HQ-25) in Oman. Second, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of HLID following the lifting of SARS-COV-2 restrictions in the Arabian Gulf country of Oman. The third related objective is to examine factors associated with the variation of HLID.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional online survey was widely distributed across the diverse socio-demographic population residing in Oman. After the validation of the questionnaire and the factorial validity, the Arabic version of HQ-25 was used to explore the prevalence and factors associated with HLID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 1529 participants were included in the study (response rate = 76.5%), of whom 44% (n = 673) expressed HLID. We randomly split it into half, one for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 764) and the other half for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n = 765). From the EFA results, a three-factor model was found for the Omani version of HQ-25, which represented 52.87% of the variance with good internal reliability (Overall Cronbach\u2019s: 0.92; Socialisation: 0.92; Isolation: 0.84; Emotional support: 0.73). The CFA results report acceptable goodness-of-fit indices (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/df = 17.92, p &lt; .001; CFI = 0.90; TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.04, 95% CI 0.02\u20130.07; SRMR = 0.05) of the three-factor model of the collected samples. All 1529 data were used in the respondents. The results of the logistic regression showed that married marital status (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.12\u20132.03, p = 0.007), older age (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95\u20130.99, p = 0.008), living in an urban area (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56\u20130.91, p = 0.006), unemployed occupational status (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.30\u20132.88, p &lt; .001), screen time (7+ hours vs. &lt;4 hours: OR = 4.50, 95% CI: 3.16\u20136.41, p &lt; .001; 4\u20137 hours vs. &lt;4 hours: OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.61\u20132.70, p &lt; .001), history of mental illness (OR = 3.70, 95% CI: 2.29\u20135.91, p &lt; .001), and adverse childhood experiences (OR = 2.60, 95% CI: 2.03\u20133.20, p &lt; .001) were significant risk factors for HLID.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The factorial validity of the HQ-25 performed in this study appears to mirror the previously reported 3-factor structures. Some of the associated factors appear to support and, conversely, dissent from the findings of previous studies. These are discussed in terms of the attributions of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, demographic trends in Oman, and sociocultural factors specific to the region of interest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T13:26:55Z","timestamp":1691414815000},"page":"e0279612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Exploring Hikikomori-like idiom of distress a year into the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Oman: Factorial validity of the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire, prevalence and associated factors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Nasser","family":"Al-Sibani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moon Fai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-7033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salim","family":"Al-Huseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nutaila","family":"Al Kharusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles J.","family":"Guillemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Abri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousuf","family":"Al Hasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9858-5582","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samir","family":"Al-Adawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279612.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764019882724","article-title":"The presence, characteristics and correlates of pathological social withdrawal in Taiwan: An online survey","volume":"66","author":"AF Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0279612.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2014.33.10.918","article-title":"To conform or to maintain self-consistency? 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