{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T13:00:04Z","timestamp":1778072404688,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Province Nonantibiotic Alternative Growth Promoter Combinations and Creation of Feed Without Antibiotic products Project","award":["2019JZZY020609-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JZZY020609-02"]}]},{"name":"Qingdao Agricultural University Doctoral Start-Up Fund","award":["663\/1120009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["663\/1120009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the ban on antibiotic growth promoters, the effects of nonantibiotic alternative growth promoter combinations (NAGPCs) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora of broilers were evaluated. All birds were fed pellets of two basal diets\u2014starter (0\u201321 d) and grower (22\u201342 d)\u2014with either enramycin (ENR) or NAGPC supplemented. 1) control + ENR; 2) control diet (CON, basal diet); 3) control + mannose oligosaccharide (MOS) + mannanase (MAN) + sodium butyrate (SB) (MMS); 4) control + MOS + MAN +<jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>(BS) (MMB); 5) control + MOS + fruit oligosaccharide (FOS) + SB (MFS); 6) control + FOS + BS (MFB); 7) control + MOS + FOS + MAN (MFM); 8) control + MOS + BS + phytase (PT) (MBP). ENR, MOS, FOS, SB, MAN, PT, and BS were added at 100, 2,000, 9,000, 1,500, 300, 37, and 500 mg\/kg, respectively. The experiment used a completely random block design with six replicates per group: 2400 Ross 308 broilers in the starter phase and 768 in the grower phase. All NAGPCs significantly improved body weight gain (P &lt; 0.01), utilization of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (P &lt; 0.05), villus height and villus height\/crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum (P &lt; 0.01), and decreased the feed conversion ratio (P &lt; 0.01) at d 21 and 42. MMS, MMB, MFB, and MFM duodenum trypsin, lipase, and amylase activities increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) at d 21 and 42. On d 21 and 42, MMS, MMB, and MBP increased the abundance of<jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>whereas MMB, MFB, and MBP decreased the abundance of<jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>, compared to ENR and CON. Overall, the NAGPCs were found to have some beneficial effects and may be used as effective antibiotic replacements in broilers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T17:48:53Z","timestamp":1680198533000},"page":"e0279950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of nonantibiotic growth promoter combinations on growth performance, nutrient utilization, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora of broilers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-5197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zunyan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenghua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0229-3674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yixuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5536","key":"pone.0279950.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.293.5536.1786","article-title":"Humans as the World \u2019 s Greatest Evolutionary Force the Pace of Human-Induced Evolution","volume":"293","author":"SR Palumbi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279950.ref002","first-page":"17","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Inclusion of the Encapsulated Thyme and Oregano Essential Oils Mixture and Probiotic on Growth Performance, Immune Response and Intestinal Morphology of Broiler Chickens","volume":"8","author":"M Heydarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poultry Science Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0279950.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5431","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.12.5431-5436.2001","article-title":"Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella serovars in retail chicken, turkey, pork, and beef from the Greater Washington, D.C., area","volume":"67","author":"C Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0279950.ref004","first-page":"282","article-title":"Antibiotics in Canadian poultry productions and anticipated alternatives","volume":"17","author":"MS Diarra","year":"2014","journal-title":"FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279950.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12056","article-title":"Growth performance, carcass quality, biochemical and haematological traits and immune response of growing rabbits as affected by different growth promoters","volume":"98","author":"YA Attia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Physiology & Animal Nutrition"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0279950.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13454","article-title":"Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review","volume":"104","author":"ME Abd El-Hack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Physiology & Animal Nutrition"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0279950.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2174\/2212798411103020102","article-title":"Feed enzyme technology: present status and future developments","volume":"3","author":"V Ravindran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Recent patents on food, nutrition & agriculture"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0279950.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1071\/AN17288","article-title":"Managing gut health without reliance on antimicrobials in poultry","volume":"57","author":"NK Morgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal Production Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0279950.ref009","first-page":"395","article-title":"Effect of Sodium Butyrate on Restoration of Colonic Mucosa in Rats with TNBS-induced Colitis","volume":"16","author":"Y Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0279950.ref010","first-page":"72","article-title":"Bacteria of Bacillus species\u2014prospective source for biologically active substances","volume":"63","author":"VV Smirnov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mikrobiolohichnyi. 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