{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:34:20Z","timestamp":1791480860333,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Antibiotic resistance has become an enduring threat to human health. This has prompted extensive research to identify the determinants responsible in a bid to fight the spread of resistance and also develop new antibiotics. However, routine procedures focus <jats:underline>on identifying genetic determinants of resistance only on phenotypically resistant isolates<\/jats:underline>. <jats:underline>We aimed to characterise plasmid mediated resistance determinants in key <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> isolates with differential phenotypic susceptibility profiles and evaluated the contribution of resistance genes on phenotypic expression of susceptibility<\/jats:underline>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study was carried out on 200 <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> isolates belonging to the genera <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>; 100 resistant and 100 susceptible to quinolones, aminoglycosides, and ESBL-producing as determined by disk diffusion. Reduced susceptibility in susceptible isolates was determined as an increased MIC by broth microdilution. Plasmid-borne resistance genes were sought in all isolates by endpoint PCR. We performed correlations tests to determine the relationship between the occurrence of resistance genes and increased MIC in susceptible isolates. We then used the notion of penetrance to show adequacy between resistance gene carriage and phenotypic resistance as well as diagnostic odds ratio to evaluate how predictable phenotypic susceptibility profile could determine the presence of resistant genes in the isolates.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Reduced susceptibility was detected in 30% (9\/30) ESBL negative, 50% (20\/40) quinolone-susceptible and 53.33% (16\/30) aminoglycoside-susceptible isolates. Plasmid-borne resistance genes were detected in 50% (15\/30) of ESBL negative, 65% (26\/40) quinolone susceptible and 66.67% (20\/30) aminoglycoside susceptible isolates. Reduced susceptibility increased the risk of susceptible isolates carrying resistance genes (ORs 4.125, 8.36, and 8.89 respectively for ESBL, quinolone, and aminoglycoside resistance genes). Resistance gene carriage correlated significantly to reduced susceptibility for quinolone and aminoglycoside resistance genes (0.002 and 0.015 at CI<jats:sub>95<\/jats:sub>). Gene carriage correlated with phenotypic resistance at an estimated 64.28% for ESBL, 56.90% for quinolone, and 58.33% for aminoglycoside resistance genes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A high carriage of plasmid-mediated genes for ESBL, quinolone, and aminoglycoside resistance was found among the <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> tested. However, gene carriage was not always correlated with phenotypic expression. This allows us to suggest that assessing genetic determinants of resistance should not be based on AST profile only. Further studies, including assessing the role of chromosomal determinants will shed light on other factors that undermine antimicrobial susceptibility locally.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T18:45:12Z","timestamp":1673462712000},"page":"e0280150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance related genes in E. coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella isolates from broilers in the West Region of Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6009-895X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jude 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