{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:46:19Z","timestamp":1753922779705,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19 have been reported previously as outcomes of the infection.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>The purpose of current study was to investigate the occurrence of neurological signs and symptoms in COVID-19 patients, in the county of \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland in southeastern Sweden.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is a retrospective, observational cohort study. Data were collected between March 2020 and June 2020. Information was extracted from medical records by a trained research assistant and physician and all data were validated by a senior neurologist.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Seventy-four percent of patients developed at least one neurological symptom during the acute phase of the infection. Headache (43%) was the most common neurological symptom, followed by anosmia and\/or ageusia (33%), confusion (28%), hallucinations (17%), dizziness (16%), sleep disorders in terms of insomnia and OSAS (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) (9%), myopathy and neuropathy (8%) and numbness and tingling (5%). Patients treated in the ICU had a higher male presentation (73%). Several risk factors in terms of co-morbidities, were identified. Hypertension (54.5%), depression and anxiety (51%), sleep disorders in terms of insomnia and OSAS (30%), cardiovascular morbidity (28%), autoimmune diseases (25%), chronic lung diseases (24%) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (23%) founded as possible risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Neurological symptoms were found in the vast majority (74%) of the patients. Accordingly, attention to neurological, mental and sleep disturbances is warranted with involvement of neurological expertise, in order to avoid further complications and long-term neurological effect of COVID-19. Furthermore, risk factors for more severe COVID-19, in terms of possible co-morbidities that identified in this study should get appropriate attention to optimizing treatment strategies in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T18:42:35Z","timestamp":1673635355000},"page":"e0280376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inventory study of an early pandemic COVID-19 cohort in South-Eastern Sweden, focusing on neurological manifestations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Doryaneh","family":"Ahmadpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kristoffersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"Fredrikson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumin","family":"Huang-Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Iacobaeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Landtblom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1472-8193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"Haghighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0280376.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1409847","article-title":"Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus","volume":"371","author":"C Drosten","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9366","key":"pone.0280376.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13077-2","article-title":"Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"361","author":"JS Peiris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0280376.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032498","article-title":"The severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"349","author":"JS Peiris","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0280376.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.03.026","article-title":"COVID-19, SARS and MERS: are they closely related?","volume":"26","author":"N Petrosillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280376.ref005","first-page":"331","article-title":"Impact of Circulating SARS-CoV-2 Mutant G614 on the COVID-19 Pandemic.","volume":"14","author":"D Ahmadpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran J Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"7798","key":"pone.0280376.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"P Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0280376.ref007","article-title":"Symptoms and symptom clusters associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in community-based populations: Results from a statewide epidemiological study.","author":"BE Dixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280376.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06824-y","article-title":"Gastrointestinal implications in COVID-19.","volume":"21","author":"G Zoghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0280376.ref009","first-page":"1861","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in China. 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