{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T12:13:18Z","timestamp":1785845598688,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006324","name":"American Psychological Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006324","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Firearm purchasing increased within the U.S. during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. While rates of firearm ownership and suicide are elevated among women Veterans compared to women non-Veterans, no studies have examined if and how firearm beliefs and behaviors changed among women Veterans during the pandemic. We examined women Veterans\u2019 changes in firearm beliefs and engagement in firearm behaviors during the early pandemic era.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>3,000 post-9\/11 era women Veterans were invited to participate in a survey. 501 respondents (May-December 2020) comprised the sample for this concurrent nested mixed-method analysis. Thematic analysis and log-binomial regression were used.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>13.88% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 69) of women Veterans in our sample reported changes in their firearm beliefs; 22.15% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 109) reported engaging in firearm behaviors. The most prevalent reported behaviors were making household firearms more accessible (16.13%) and purchasing ammunition (11.97%). Smaller percentages reported carrying a firearm more frequently (6.71%), loading previously unloaded firearms (5.69%), or purchasing a firearm (4.24%). Thematic analysis suggested firearm behaviors were likely driven by a perceived increased need to protect oneself, family, and property due to: (1) uncertainties brought on by the pandemic; (2) pandemic-related threats necessitating self-defense, preparedness, and self-sufficiency; (3) political, social, and racial unrest and protests. PTSD symptom severity and military sexual assault history were associated with higher prevalence of changes in firearm beliefs and engagement in firearm behaviors during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Consideration of women Veterans\u2019 prior experiences and pandemic-related factors may be necessary to contextualize firearm discussions and inform future research. Given associations of military sexual assault and PTSD symptoms with firearm beliefs and behaviors, it may be crucial to ensure that such discussion are trauma-informed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T19:23:41Z","timestamp":1676057021000},"page":"e0280431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["\u201cFeel the need to prepare for Armageddon even though I do not believe it will happen\u201d: Women Veterans\u2019 Firearm Beliefs and Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic, Associations with Military Sexual Assault and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8104-5280","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lindsey L.","family":"Monteith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christin N.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Polzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Holliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire A.","family":"Hoffmire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christe\u2019An D.","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra L.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Brenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0280431.ref001","article-title":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention","year":"2021","journal-title":"2001\u20132019 Data Appendix"},{"key":"pone.0280431.ref002","article-title":"Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention","year":"2021","journal-title":"National Veteran Suicide Prevention Annual Report"},{"key":"pone.0280431.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001483","article-title":"Advancing Knowledge of Suicide Risk and Prevention Among Women: Introduction to the Supplement.","volume":"59","author":"LM Denneson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"pone.0280431.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001432","article-title":"Accelerating Research on Suicide Risk and Prevention in Women Veterans Through Research-Operations Partnerships.","volume":"59","author":"CA Hoffmire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"pone.0280431.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001479","article-title":"Women and Suicide: Moving Forward on a Troubling Problem.","volume":"59","author":"RW O\u2019Brien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Care."},{"key":"pone.0280431.ref006","first-page":"9","article-title":"Concerning trends in suicide among women veterans point to need for more research on tailored interventions.","volume":"21","author":"C Hoffmire","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0280431.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh309","article-title":"Guns in the Home and Risk of a Violent Death in the Home: Findings from a National Study","volume":"160","author":"LL Dahlberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0280431.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16010069","article-title":"Prevention of Firearm Suicide in the United States: What Works and What Is Possible.","volume":"173","author":"JJ Mann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"pone.0280431.ref009","article-title":"The Relationship Between Firearm Availability and Suicide","author":"RAND Corporation","year":"2018","journal-title":"RAND 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