{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:15:55Z","timestamp":1789607755201,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009448","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID 389 (D.R. 906 del 4\/10\/2019, prot. n. 157264, 17\/10\/2019)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID 389 (D.R. 906 del 4\/10\/2019, prot. n. 157264, 17\/10\/2019)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009448","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we aimed at developing and validating a novel instrument to evaluate personality in 10\u201314 years old adolescents with six basic traits, with two dedicated studies. In Study 1, we generated a large pool of items (384 items) from three basic items sources, which we administered to 714 Italian adolescents. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and extension factor analysis, we selected the best eight items for each facet, and so the best 32 items for each factor, except for the Unconventionality facet of Openness to Experience (O) for which we selected the best six items. This resulted in a total of 190 items. The 190-item HEXACO-MSI had very good levels of dimensional validity and reliability, but it fell short in containing 8 items for each facet (i.e., for Unconventionality) and in balancing normal and reversed items within each facet. Therefore, in a second study we added items to the scale and verified again the dimensionality and reliability with the goal of developing a final version of the scale. In Study 2, we administered a version of the HEXACO-MSI consisting of 219 items to 1175 Italian adolescents. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we selected the best eight items for each facet equally balanced between normal and reversed items within each facet and factor. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the six-factor structure and its invariance. The results showed that the HEXACO-MSI-E had a clear six-factor structure in adolescents, that was invariant across gender and across the three middle school classes, and was reliable. Finally, we established temporal stability of each factor in two measurements after one year. Together with the positive results of this contribution, we discussed some aspects for future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T18:57:40Z","timestamp":1674241060000},"page":"e0280563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development and validation of an instrument to measure personality in adolescence: The HEXACO Medium School Inventory Extended (MSI-E)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0429-3405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Augusto","family":"Gnisci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mottola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Perugini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo Paolo","family":"Senese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Sergi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280563.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12335","article-title":"Status of the trait concept in contemporary personality psychology: Are the old questions still the burning questions?","volume":"86","author":"M Fajkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pers."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868306294907","article-title":"Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure","volume":"11","author":"MC Ashton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.86.2.356","article-title":"A Six-Factor Structure of Personality-Descriptive Adjectives: Solutions From Psycholexical Studies in Seven Languages.","volume":"86","author":"MC Ashton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0280563.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2005.06.003","article-title":"The HEXACO model of personality structure and indigenous lexical personality dimensions in Italian, Dutch, and English.","volume":"40","author":"MC Ashton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Res Pers."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280563.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.695161","article-title":"Analyses of Digman\u2019s child-personality data: Derivations of Big-Five factor scores from each of six samples.","volume":"69","author":"LR Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pers."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868314523838","article-title":"The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality Factors. A review of research and theory.","volume":"18","author":"MC Ashton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers Soc Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0280563.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s40806-017-0126-4","article-title":"Do bullies have more sex? The role of personality.","volume":"4","author":"DA Provenzano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evol Psychol Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280563.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-019-00182-4","article-title":"Personality and bullying: Pathways to adolescent social dominance.","volume":"40","author":"AA Volk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Psychol."},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.01.012","article-title":"Adolescent bullying and personality: A cross-cultural approach.","volume":"125","author":"AA Volk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.10.010","article-title":"Ice and fire: Two paths to provoked aggression.","volume":"138","author":"A Book","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif."},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.11.003","article-title":"Effects of Dark Triad and HEXACO traits on reactive\/proactive aggression: Exploring the gender differences.","volume":"123","author":"BM Dini\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0280563.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2298\/PSI170705022S","article-title":"Aggressiveness in the HEXACO personality model.","volume":"51","author":"V Sokolovska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psihologija"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.10.016","article-title":"The HEXACO model of personality and Dark Triad in relational aggression.","volume":"122","author":"NM Knight","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2015.08.005","article-title":"Honesty\u2013humility in school: Exploring main and interaction effects on secondary school students\u2019 antisocial and prosocial behavior.","volume":"43","author":"K Allgaier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learn Individ Differ."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280563.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/per.795","article-title":"Broad versus narrow traits: Conscientiousness and Honesty\u2013Humility as predictors of academic criteria.","volume":"25","author":"A de Vries","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pers."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0280563.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000538","article-title":"The HEXACO-Middle School Inventory (MSI): A Personality Inventory for Children and Adolescents.","volume":"36","author":"I Sergi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0280563.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1975","article-title":"Bifactor models of personality and college student performance: A broad versus narrow view.","volume":"28","author":"ST McAbee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pers"},{"issue":"3_suppl","key":"pone.0280563.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1999.84.3c.1127","article-title":"The Junior Temperament and Character Inventory: Preliminary validation of a child self-report measure.","volume":"84","author":"JL Luby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.2.392","article-title":"The self as a mediator between personality and adjustment.","volume":"73","author":"WG Graziano","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0280563.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00051-X","article-title":"A questionnaire for measuring the Big Five in late childhood.","volume":"34","author":"C Barbaranelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref021","volume-title":"BFQ-C: Big Five Questionnaire Children: Manuale","author":"C Barbaranelli","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2014.940961","article-title":"Relations between Adolescent Ratings of Rothbart\u2019s Temperament Questionnaire and the HEXACO Personality Inventory.","volume":"97","author":"AH Farrell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008044209-9\/50009-9","volume-title":"On the psychobiology of personality: Essays in honor of Marvin Zuckerman (:","author":"PG Bazana","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280563.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037091","article-title":"Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: a meta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"DA Briley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280563.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.1.3","article-title":"The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies.","volume":"126","author":"BW Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0280563.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/per.524","article-title":"Personality development from 12 to 18 years of age: Changes in mean levels and structure of traits.","volume":"18","author":"J Allik","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality."},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref027","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Advances in personality science.","author":"PT Costa","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2016.08.008","article-title":"Age trends in HEXACO-PI-R self-reports.","volume":"64","author":"MC Ashton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Res Pers"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref029","first-page":"7","author":"LR Goldberg","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref030","first-page":"223","article-title":"De Vereenvoudigde HEXACO Persoonlijkheidsvragenlijst en een additioneel interstitieel Proactiviteitsfacet. [The simplified HEXACO personality inventory and an additional interstitial proactivity facet.].","volume":"26","author":"RE De Vries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gedrag Organ."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3902_8","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory.","volume":"39","author":"K Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref032","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280563.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000264","article-title":"Personality structure in east and west Africa: Lexical studies of personality in Maa and Supyire-Senufo.","volume":"119","author":"AG Thalmayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0280563.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6803_5","article-title":"Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis.","volume":"68","author":"RL Gorsuch","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pers Assess."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280563.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164497057005001","article-title":"New procedure for extension analysis in exploratory factor Analysis.","volume":"57","author":"RL Gorsuch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref036","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2011","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328007sem1302_7","article-title":"Teacher\u2019s corner: The MACS approach to testing for multigroup invariance of a second-order structure: A walk through the process","volume":"13","author":"BM Byrne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref038","volume-title":"psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research. R package version 1.7.12 [Internet].","author":"W. Revelle","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0280563.ref039","volume-title":"LISREL 8: Users\u2019 reference guide","author":"KG Joreskog","year":"1993"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research.","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280563.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2142","article-title":"Personality, Religion, and Politics: An Investigation in 33 Countries.","volume":"32","author":"K Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pers."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280563.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0262465","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262465","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the HEXACO-100\u2014And the value of multiple measurements for assessing reliability.","volume":"17","author":"S Henry","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T18:58:17Z","timestamp":1674241097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280563"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Frantisek","family":"Sudzina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280563","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]}}}