{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:50:54Z","timestamp":1759146654918,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0.23 0.12 0.25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0.23 0.12 0.25"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Negative pain-related cognitions are associated with persistence of low-back pain (LBP), but the mechanism underlying this association is not well understood. We propose that negative pain-related cognitions determine how threatening a motor task will be perceived, which in turn will affect how lumbar movements are performed, possibly with negative long-term effects on pain.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the effect of postural threat on lumbar movement patterns in people with and without LBP, and to investigate whether this effect is associated with task-specific pain-related cognitions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>30 back-healthy participants and 30 participants with LBP performed consecutive two trials of a seated repetitive reaching movement (45 times). During the first trial participants were threatened with mechanical perturbations, during the second trial participants were informed that the trial would be unperturbed. Movement patterns were characterized by temporal variability (CyclSD), local dynamic stability (LDE) and spatial variability (meanSD) of the relative lumbar Euler angles. Pain-related cognition was assessed with the task-specific \u2018Expected Back Strain\u2019-scale (EBS). A three-way mixed Manova was used to assess the effect of Threat, Group (LBP vs control) and EBS (above vs below median) on lumbar movement patterns.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We found a main effect of threat on lumbar movement patterns. In the threat-condition, participants showed increased variability (MeanSD<jats:sub><jats:italic>flexion-extension<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, p&lt;0.000, \u03b7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.26; CyclSD, p = 0.003, \u03b7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.14) and decreased stability (LDE, p = 0.004, \u03b7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.14), indicating large effects of postural threat.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Postural threat increased variability and decreased stability of lumbar movements, regardless of group or EBS. These results suggest that perceived postural threat may underlie changes in motor behavior in patients with LBP. Since LBP is likely to impose such a threat, this could be a driver of changes in motor behavior in patients with LBP, as also supported by the higher spatial variability in the group with LBP and higher EBS in the reference condition.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T17:23:39Z","timestamp":1679937819000},"page":"e0280607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of postural threat on motor control in people with and without low back pain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3347-4977","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meta H.","family":"Wildenbeest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Kiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthijs","family":"Tuijt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaap H.","family":"van Die\u00ebn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0280607.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","article-title":"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention","volume":"391","author":"J Hartvigsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10100","key":"pone.0280607.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32130-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"S Hay","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr562oa","article-title":"Systematic review of conservative interventions for subacute low back pain","volume":"16","author":"HM Pengel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical of Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280607.ref004","first-page":"CD012004","article-title":"Motor control exercise for chronic non-specific low-back pain (Review)","author":"B Saragiotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280607.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000103","article-title":"Individualized exercise interventions for spinal pain","volume":"45","author":"D Falla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280607.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E109","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200203010-00017","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Psychological Factors as Predictors of Chronicity\/Disability in Prospective Cohorts of Low Back Pain","volume":"27","author":"T Pincus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280607.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.09.036","article-title":"The role of fear avoidance beliefs as a prognostic factor for outcome in patients with nonspecific low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"MM Wertli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine Journal"},{"issue":"July","key":"pone.0280607.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Low-Back Pain Patients Learn to Adapt Motor Behavior with Adverse Secondary Consequences","author":"JH Die\u00ebn van","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.10.032","article-title":"Dieen JH van. Associations of low-back pain and pain-related cognitions with lumbar movement patterns during repetitive seated reaching","volume":"91","author":"MH Wildenbeest","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0280607.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.7917","article-title":"Motor Control Changes in Low Back Pain: Divergence in Presentations and Mechanisms","volume":"49","author":"JH Die\u00ebn van","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of orthopaedic&sports physical therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0280607.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.12.014","article-title":"Kinematic variability and local dynamic stability of upper body motions when walking at different speeds","volume":"39","author":"JB Dingwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0280607.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-016-0592-8","article-title":"Applying different mathematical variability methods to identify older fallers and non-fallers using gait variability data","volume":"29","author":"NR Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110435","article-title":"Reliability of measures to characterize lumbar movement patterns, in repeated seated reaching, in a mixed group of participants with and without low-back pain: a test-retest, within- and between session","volume":"121","author":"MH Wildenbeest","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"83","key":"pone.0280607.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0999","article-title":"Assessing the stability of human locomotion: A review of current measures","volume":"10","author":"SM Bruijn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0280607.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2011.06.009","article-title":"Local dynamic stability of trunk movements during the repetitive lifting of loads","volume":"31","author":"RB Graham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"A robust method to estimate the largest Lyapunov exponent of noisy signals\u202f: A revision to the Rosenstein \u2018 s algorithm","author":"S. Mehdizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0280607.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-015-1268-9","article-title":"The Effects of Experimentally Induced Low Back Pain on Spine Rotational Stiffness and Local Dynamic Stability","volume":"43","author":"GB Ross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.04.010","article-title":"Pain catastrophizing moderates changes in spinal control in response to noxiously induced low back pain","volume":"58","author":"GB Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0280607.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524","article-title":"The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and Validation","volume":"7","author":"MJL Sullivan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Assissment"},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90113-P","article-title":"The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale: development and validation of a scale to measure fear of pain","volume":"50","author":"LM McCracken","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0280607.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002065","article-title":"Relationship between psychological factors and spinal motor behaviour in low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"G Christe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0280607.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1384","article-title":"Lumbar range of motion in chronic low back pain is predicted by task-specific, but not by general measures of pain-related fear","volume":"23","author":"T Matheve","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain (United Kingdom)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280607.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(00)00057-6","article-title":"Postural control is scaled to level of postural threat","volume":"12","author":"AL Adkin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2015.12.010","article-title":"Perez RSGM, van Die\u00ebn JH. Methods for assessment of trunk stabilization, A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"E Maaswinkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280607.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23563","article-title":"A primary care back pain screening tool: Identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment","volume":"59","author":"JC Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"journal-title":"Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire","year":"1980","author":"JC Fairbanks","key":"pone.0280607.ref026"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0280607.ref027","first-page":"377","article-title":"Psycholophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"GAV Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0280607.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.12.015","article-title":"Statistical precision and sensitivity of measures of dynamic gait stability","volume":"178","author":"SM Bruijn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref029","unstructured":"Bruijn S. LocalDynamicStability: Latest release, including multiple nn; version1.1 April 2021; DOI 10.5281\/zenodo.4681213."},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref030","unstructured":"Wildenbeest MH, Kiers H, Tuijt M|, van Die\u00ebn JH, Dataset Lumbar Movement Patterns Repetitive Seated Reaching [Dataset], 22 September 2021. https:\/\/osf.io\/9xsnp\/."},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(99)00037-X","article-title":"Error, Stress and the Role of Neuromotor Noise in Space Oriented Behaviour","volume":"51","author":"G van Galen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280607.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00271.x","article-title":"Increased muscle spindle sensitivity to movement during reinforcement manoeuvres in relaxed human subjects","volume":"523","author":"E Ribot-Ciscar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280607.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.05.016","article-title":"Is There a Relationship Between Lumbar Proprioception and Low Back Pain? A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis","volume":"98","author":"MH Tong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0280607.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06385-9","article-title":"Perez RSGM, Happee R, van Die\u00ebn JH. Identification of intrinsic and reflexive contributions to trunk stabilization in patients with low back pain: a case\u2013control study","volume":"29","author":"M Griffioen","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280607.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0825-y","article-title":"Wuisman PIJM, Beek PJ. Effects of chronic low back pain on trunk coordination and back muscle activity during walking: Changes in motor control","volume":"15","author":"CJC Lamoth","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Spine Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0280607.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2015.05.005","article-title":"The effects of movement speed on kinematic variability and dynamic stability of the trunk in healthy individuals and low back pain patients","volume":"30","author":"M Asgari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Biomechanics"},{"key":"pone.0280607.ref037","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spinal movement variability associated with low back pain: A scoping review","author":"H Saito","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280607","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T17:24:14Z","timestamp":1679937854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280607"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ravi Shankar Yerragonda","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0280607","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]]}}}