{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:45:59Z","timestamp":1787863559336,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM125012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM125012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32GM099608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM099608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000084","name":"Directorate for Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1650042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1650042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>(CN) cells survive within the acidic phagolysosome of macrophages (M\u03a6) for extended times, then escape without impacting the viability of the host cell via a phenomenon that has been coined \u2018vomocytosis\u2019. Through this mechanism, CN disseminate throughout the body, sometimes resulting in a potentially fatal condition\u2014Cryptococcal Meningitis (CM). Justifiably, vomocytosis studies have focused primarily on M\u03a6, as alveolar M\u03a6 within the lung act as first responders that ultimately expel this fungal pathogen. Herein, we hypothesize that dendritic cells (DCs), an innate immune cell with attributes that include phagocytosis and antigen presentation, can also act as \u2018vomocytes\u2019. Presciently, this report shows that vomocytosis of CN indeed occurs from murine, bone marrow-derived DCs. Primarily through time-lapse microscopy imaging, we show that rates of vomocytosis events from DCs are comparable to those seen from M\u03a6 and further, are independent of the presence of the CN capsule and infection ratios. Moreover, the phagosome-altering drug bafilomycin A inhibits this phenomenon from DCs. Although DC immunophenotype does not affect the total number of vomocytic events, we observed differences in the numbers of CN per phagosome and expulsion times. Interestingly, these observations were similar in murine, bone marrow-derived M\u03a6. This work not only demonstrates the vomocytic ability of DCs, but also investigates the complexity of vomocytosis regulation in this cell type and M\u03a6 under multiple modulatory conditions. Understanding the vomocytic behavior of different phagocytes and their phenotypic subtypes is needed to help elucidate the full picture of the dynamic interplay between CN and the immune system. Critically, deeper insight into vomocytosis could reveal novel approaches to treat CM, as well as other immune-related conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T18:00:55Z","timestamp":1678989655000},"page":"e0280692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Vomocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans cells from murine, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Noah","family":"Pacifici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Cruz-Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustina","family":"Diener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Senthil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunsoo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9811-8538","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamal S.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0280692.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30243-8","article-title":"Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis","volume":"17","author":"R. 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