{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:08:15Z","timestamp":1791644895915,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) and the Central Africa Clinical Research Network","award":["Grant No. EDCTP-RegNet2015-1045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. EDCTP-RegNet2015-1045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> is a parasite that causes asymptomatic or symptomatic malaria infections in humans depending on various factors. These infections are also a major cause of anemia in intertropical countries such as Gabon. Past studies have clearly demonstrated that inflammatory markers such as cytokines play a key role in the pathogenesis of malaria disease. However, the clinical manifestations of severe malaria vary according to the level of transmission and more information is needed to gain a better understanding of the factors involved. As such, the objective of this study was to investigate the circulating levels of nine cytokines in asymptomatic and symptomatic <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infections in Gabonese children and their roles in the pathogenesis of anemia. Blood samples were collected from 241 children aged 3 to 180 months in Lastourville, south-eastern Gabon. Diagnosis of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection was performed using Rapid Diagnosis Tests, microscopy and nested PCR. Levels in the plasma of the Th1 (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and IL-12p70), Th17 (IL-17A and IL-22) and Th2 (IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13) cytokines were measured by ELISA. Data showed that IL-6, IFN-\u03b3, IL-12p70, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in children with symptomatic <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection compared to uninfected children. IL-10 levels were significantly higher in symptomatic children than in asymptomatic children, who had moderately increased levels compared to uninfected controls. Moreover, only IL-10 and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in children with severe malarial anemia compared to children with uncomplicated malaria who had significantly lower IL-10 levels than children with moderate malarial anemia. These data indicate that the progression of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection towards an advanced stage in children is accompanied by a significant increase in type Th1 and\/or Th2 cytokines. These inflammatory mediators could serve as potential predictors of anemia for malaria patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T18:26:02Z","timestamp":1676399162000},"page":"e0280818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cytokine response in asymptomatic and symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in children in a rural area of south-eastern Gabon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1689-2459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandrine Lydie","family":"Oyegue-Liabagui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5649-8061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ch\u00e9rone Nancy","family":"Mbani Mpega Ntigui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9r\u00e9dith Flore","family":"Ada Mengome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lady Charlene","family":"Kouna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie Pernelle","family":"Tsafack Tegomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil Michel","family":"Longo Pendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Bernard","family":"Lekana-Douki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0280818.ref001","unstructured":"World malaria report 2021 [Internet]. 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