{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:11:17Z","timestamp":1777500677311,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023813","name":"FDI World Dental Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most oral diseases are caused by poor oral hygiene, and with adequate oral hygiene measures, they are easily preventable. The use of folk songs to deliver oral health education may likely hold a huge potential for success and an increased likelihood of acceptability and sustainability among school children. Therefore, an investigation into the effectiveness of methods that would be culturally appropriate and sustainable, such as folk songs, is essential.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine the effect of traditional rhyme (folk song) as a tool for oral hygiene education among children in rural communities in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is a school-based, assessor-blinded, two-arm cluster-randomised controlled trial that will assess the effectiveness of oral hygiene messages delivered through traditional rhyme (folk song) on children\u2019s oral hygiene knowledge, attitude, practices, and oral hygiene status in two rural communities (Igboora and Idere) in Nigeria. The study will involve a minimum of 424 participants (aged 7\u20139 years) selected from eight primary schools using the cluster sampling technique. Four schools will be randomised into the test group to receive oral hygiene messages through folk songs, and the participants will sing the song for two weeks. The other four schools will be assigned to the control group, and the participants will receive the usual oral health talk on oral hygiene practices by a dentist. The participants\u2019 oral hygiene knowledge, attitude, practice and status will be assessed at baseline, immediate, six, and twelve-month post-intervention. A modified World Health Organization (WHO) Children\u2019s oral health survey questionnaire will be utilised for data collection. Oral examinations will be conducted to assess the participants\u2019 dental caries experience and oral hygiene status using the dmft\/DMFT and simplified oral hygiene indices, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Folk songs are popular means of conveying messages in Nigeria, and using them to deliver oral health messages may be an effective, acceptable, and sustainable method among children. This study will provide empirical information about this innovative intervention to guide policy development, dental public health practice, and future studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pan African Clinical Trial Registry-PACTR202010863892797 (October 2020).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T17:40:28Z","timestamp":1685727628000},"page":"e0280856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Using traditional rhyme (folk song) as a tool for oral hygiene promotion (UTRATOHP) among children in rural communities in Nigeria: A protocol for a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1351-9659","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omotayo Francis","family":"Fagbule","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0016-3219","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Urenna Karen","family":"Emenyonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ejiro","family":"Idiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olubunmi Oluseun","family":"Oni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olabode Adeyemi","family":"Ijarogbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Ebelechukwu","family":"Osuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3193-387X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Folake Barakat","family":"Lawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5007-0846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tolulope Olusola","family":"Owoaje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olushola","family":"Ibiyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0280856.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520908533","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Levels and Trends in Burden of Oral Conditions from 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study","volume":"99","author":"E Bernabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"pone.0280856.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280856.ref003","first-page":"3","article-title":"The global increase in dental caries: A pending public health crisis","volume":"22","author":"RA Bagramian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0280856.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211056247","article-title":"Global Burden and Inequality of Dental Caries, 1990 to 2019","volume":"101","author":"PYF Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0280856.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515582062","article-title":"Prevalence and Severity of Oral Diseases in the Africa and Middle East Region","volume":"27","author":"A Abid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0280856.ref006","first-page":"661","article-title":"The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health","volume":"83","author":"PE Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0280856.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD. 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