{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:09:45Z","timestamp":1792631385149,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A2009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allelopathy has been considered a good explanation for the successful invasion of some invasive plants. However, the real latitudinal and longitudinal allelopathic effects on native species have rarely been documented since many exotics have spread widely. We conducted a Petri dish experiment to determine the latitudinal and longitudinal allelopathic patterns of an invasive alligator weed (<jats:italic>Alternanthera philoxeroides<\/jats:italic>) on a common crop (<jats:italic>Lactuca sativa<\/jats:italic>) in China, and find what determines the allelopathic intensity. The results showed that the allelopathic effects of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>philoxeroides<\/jats:italic> increased with the latitude while decreased with the longitude. This indicated that <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>philoxeroides<\/jats:italic> used its allelopathy to gain competitive advantages more in its recent invaded communities than that in its early invaded ones as <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>philoxeroides<\/jats:italic> is expanding from southeast China to northwest China. Furthermore, we found that the allelopathic intensity of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>philoxeroide<\/jats:italic> was negatively correlated to the leaf contents of soluble carbohydrate (SC), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), but that was positively correlated to the leaf contents of soluble protein (SP), free amino acids (FAA), plant polyphenol (PP), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). These results suggested that the allelopathic intensity of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>philoxeroide<\/jats:italic> was more determined by the limited P and K nutrients as well as the intermediate allelochemicals (SP, FAA, PP) rather than the unlimited C, N and SC. Thus, we can speculate that the negative or positive effects of plant aqueous extracts are a function of not only the extract concentrations but also the trade-offs between inhibition and promotion of all components in the extracts. Then we could reduce the allelopathic effects of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>philoxeroide<\/jats:italic> by controlling the component contents in the plant tissues, by fertilization or other managements, especially in the plant recent invaded communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T18:32:19Z","timestamp":1674498739000},"page":"e0280866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The latitudinal and longitudinal allelopathic patterns of an invasive alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) in China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Si-Yi","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An-Guo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hui","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdelaziz","family":"Balah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7288-3971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ai-Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0280866.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2009.01520.x","article-title":"Root exudate is allelopathic in invaded community but not in native community: field evidence for the novel weapons hypothesis","volume":"97","author":"AS Thorpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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