{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:12:42Z","timestamp":1793211162337,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008749","name":"American College of Sports Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Syracuse University School of Education Sydney Young and Creative Grant Awards"},{"name":"Dairy Management Inc \/ Dairy Research Institute","award":["1154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1154"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health \/ National Institute on Aging","award":["P30AG066583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG066583"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), the referent measure of aortic stiffness, is an established measure of vascular aging. In studies where cfPWV cannot be measured, alternative methods are needed to help promote research on vascular aging. This study examines the construct validity of a measure of PWV estimated from age and blood pressure (ePWV). The specific aims of the study are to: 1) explore the strength of association between ePWV, cfPWV, and other established measures of vascular aging; 2) examine the sensitivity and specificity of elevated ePWV (\u226510m\/s) in relation to elevated cfPWV (\u226510m\/s).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We measured cfPWV in two-hundred and fifty-two adults (mean age 57\u00b112 years, 48% female) and calculated each participant\u2019s ePWV from their age and brachial blood pressure. Additional measures of vascular aging included: carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT); carotid stiffness measured as elastic modulus (cEp); and carotid augmentation index (cAIx).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The correlations between cfPWV and measures of vascular aging were: cEp (r = 0.36), cIMT (r = 0.49), and cAIx (r = 0.04). The correlations between ePWV and measures of vascular aging were: cEp (r = 0.45), cIMT (r = 0.60), and cAIx (r = 0.24). The correlation between ePWV and cfPWV was (r = 0.67). The sensitivity and specificity of elevated ePWV (\u2265 10 m\/s) for concomitantly identifying high cfPWV (\u2265 10 m\/s) were 85.4% and 73.0% respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>ePWV is associated with established measures of vascular aging, such as carotid thickness, carotid stiffness and carotid augmentation index. ePWV may be a useful tool to help promote research on vascular aging.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T18:37:53Z","timestamp":1674758273000},"page":"e0280896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Estimated pulse wave velocity as a measure of vascular aging"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3499-1477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin S.","family":"Heffernan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0682-2270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lee","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6339-4279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline A.","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5957-391X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wesley K.","family":"Lefferts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0280896.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14681","article-title":"Extending human healthspan and longevity: a symposium report","volume":"1507","author":"LM DeVito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.282665","article-title":"Physiological geroscience: targeting function to increase healthspan and achieve optimal longevity","volume":"594","author":"DR Seals","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10439","article-title":"Strategies for Achieving Healthy Vascular Aging","volume":"71","author":"KL Nowak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S239186","article-title":"The Possible Impact of Aortic Stiffness on Quality of Late Life","volume":"15","author":"L Tap","year":"2020","journal-title":"An Exploratory Study. Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.061","article-title":"Mechanisms of Vascular Aging, A Geroscience Perspective: JACC Focus Seminar","volume":"75","author":"Z Ungvari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref006","article-title":"Is It Good to Have a Stiff Aorta with Aging? Causes and Consequences.","author":"GL Pierce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)."},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2006.01.001","article-title":"Modulatory influences on ageing of the vasculature in healthy humans","volume":"41","author":"DR Seals","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000033","article-title":"Recommendations for Improving and Standardizing Vascular Research on Arterial Stiffness: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"66","author":"RR Townsend","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl254","article-title":"Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications","volume":"27","author":"S Laurent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000935","article-title":"Estimated carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity has similar predictive value as measured carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity","volume":"34","author":"SV Greve","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq165","article-title":"Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: \u2019establishing normal and reference values","volume":"31","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14088","article-title":"Does Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity Add Prognostic Information?: MORGAM Prospective Cohort Project","volume":"75","author":"JKK Vishram-Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1912831","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.12831","article-title":"Association of Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity With Survival: A Secondary Analysis of SPRINT","volume":"2","author":"C Vlachopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.02.035","article-title":"Association Between Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity and Mortality in U.S. Adults","volume":"75","author":"KS Heffernan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref015","article-title":"Association between estimated pulse wave velocity and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in men.","author":"SY Jae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref016","first-page":"1747493020963762","article-title":"Association between estimated pulse wave velocity and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men","author":"SY Jae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"igac056","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igac056","article-title":"Estimated Pulse Wave Velocity and All-Cause Mortality: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study.","author":"KS Heffernan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innovation in Aging"},{"key":"pone.0280896.ref018","first-page":"100238","article-title":"Estimated pulse wave velocity and incident heart failure and its subtypes: Findings from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. 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