{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T10:46:17Z","timestamp":1773744377048,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bureau of Nutritional Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trivalent chromium (Cr) may function to potentiate the action of insulin, but the effects of chromium intakes on metabolic parameters are unclear. Cr is listed as a potentially beneficial element for rodents based on studies that show feeding low quantities affect glucose metabolism. Cr is recommended at 1 mg per kg in rodent diets. This study examined the effects of different levels of dietary Cr on body weight, body composition, energy intake, food efficiency and metabolic parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism in male and female rats when fed from peripuberty to young adult age in the background of a moderately high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Sprague-Dawley CD rats (n = 10 males and 10 females\/group) at 35 days of age were assigned by weight to the low (LCr, 0.33 \u00b1 0.06 mg\/kg), normal (NCr, 1.20 \u00b1 0.11 mg\/kg) or high (HCr, 9.15 \u00b1 0.65 mg\/kg) Cr diets. Diets were fed ad libitum for 12 weeks (83 days). At baseline, body weights and composition were similar (p\u22650.05) among diet groups. Compared to the NCr group, the LCr group weighed more (p&lt;0.01) and consumed more energy (food) from Day 56 onwards, but food efficiency was unaffected. Following an oral glucose challenge (Day 77), dietary chromium levels did not affect plasma glucose, but fasting plasma insulin and insulin at 30 and 60 min after dosing were higher in the LCr group compared to the NCr group. At the end of the study, whole-body fat, accrued body fat from baseline and fasting serum triglycerides were higher in the LCr group compared to the NCr group. Effects were similar in both sexes and not observed in the HCr group. These data show that low dietary Cr affects metabolic parameters common in chronic diseases underscoring the need for clinical trials to define the nutritional and\/or pharmacological effects of Cr.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T18:34:37Z","timestamp":1674758077000},"page":"e0281019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A low chromium diet increases body fat, energy intake and circulating triglycerides and insulin in male and female rats fed a moderately high-fat, high-sucrose diet from peripuberty to young adult age"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1961-6388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jesse","family":"Bertinato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281019.ref001","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 2001."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0281019.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3845","article-title":"Scientific opinion on Dietary Reference Values for chromium","volume":"12","author":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)","year":"2014","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0281019.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.11.1939","article-title":"AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet","volume":"123","author":"PG Reeves","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0281019.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90036-5","article-title":"Chromium improves insulin response to glucose in rats","volume":"44","author":"JS Striffler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0281019.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(99)90207-X","article-title":"Overproduction of insulin in the chromium-deficient rat","volume":"48","author":"JS Striffler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281019.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(98)90049-X","article-title":"Dietary chromium decreases insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat, mineral-imbalanced diet","volume":"47","author":"JS Striffler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281019.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-010-0734-y","article-title":"Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: Effects of a \"low-chromium\" diet","volume":"16","author":"KR Di Bona","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Inorg Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281019.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:113:1:53","article-title":"supplementation has no effects on body mass and composition while altering plasma hormone and triglycerides concentrations","volume":"113","author":"R Bennett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281019.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.11.001","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of chromium in alleviating insulin resistance","volume":"23","author":"Y Hua","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281019.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01763.x","article-title":"Effects of chromium on body composition and weight loss","volume":"56","author":"RA Anderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281019.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9863-9","article-title":"Improved meta-analytic methods show no effect of chromium supplements on fasting glucose","volume":"157","author":"CH Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0281019.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0996","article-title":"Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"EM Balk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281019.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.148","article-title":"Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: A meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"MD Althuis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281019.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(99)90048-3","article-title":"Effect of resistance training with or without chromium picolinate supplementation on glucose metabolism in older men and women","volume":"48","author":"LJ Joseph","year":"1999","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281019.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2001.10719050","article-title":"Effect of chromium supplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selected biochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program","volume":"20","author":"SL Volpe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0281019.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0254","article-title":"Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"J Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281019.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.712","article-title":"Chromium supplementation does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or lipid profile: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of supplementation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance","volume":"28","author":"JE Gunton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"pone.0281019.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(98)00043-6","article-title":"Combined dietary chromium picolinate supplementation and an exercise program leads to a reduction of serum cholesterol and insulin in college-aged subjects","volume":"9","author":"SG Boyd","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0281019.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.214569","article-title":"Risk of type 2 diabetes is lower in US adults taking chromium-containing supplements","volume":"145","author":"DJ McIver","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0281019.ref020","unstructured":"Health Canada. Category specific guidance for temporary marketing authorization: Supplemented food. 2016. Available from [Internet]: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/food-nutrition\/legislation-guidelines\/guidance-documents\/category-specific-guidance-temporary-marketing-authorization-supplemented-food.html (accessed August 15, 2022)."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0281019.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.255901","article-title":"New evidence against chromium as an essential trace element","volume":"147","author":"JB Vincent","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281019.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab205","article-title":"Junk food intake among adults in the United States","volume":"152","author":"EK Dunford","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281019.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab143","article-title":"Nutrient intakes of Canadian adults: Results from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)-2015 public use microdata file","volume":"114","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281019.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05040-3","article-title":"Sex differences in metabolic regulation and diabetes susceptibility","volume":"63","author":"B Tramunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"pone.0281019.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828522","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.828522","article-title":"Sex and species differences in the development of diet-induced obesity and metabolic disturbances in rodents","volume":"9","author":"I Maric","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0281019.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.110650","article-title":"Dietary starch type affects body weight and glycemic control in freely fed but not energy-restricted obese rats","volume":"139","author":"AA Aziz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281019.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-013-0592-9","article-title":"Diet-induced obese rats have higher iron requirements and are more vulnerable to iron deficiency","volume":"53","author":"J Bertinato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281019.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8050253","article-title":"Moderately low magnesium intake impairs growth of lean body mass in obese-prone and obese-resistant rats fed a high-energy diet","volume":"8","author":"J Bertinato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0281019.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.02.005","article-title":"L-lysine supplementation does not affect the bioavailability of copper or iron in rats","volume":"38","author":"J Bertinato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281019.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(90)90367-D","article-title":"Dietary hyperphagia in rats: Role of fat, carbohydrate, and energy content","volume":"47","author":"I Ramirez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281019.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/32.4.787","article-title":"Insulin and glucose responses in rats fed sucrose or starch","volume":"32","author":"J Hallfrisch","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281019.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.6.879","article-title":"Sucrose-induced insulin resistance in the rat: Modulation by exercise and diet","volume":"38","author":"DW Wright","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281019.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/111.3.531","article-title":"Effects of feeding rats sucrose in a high fat diet","volume":"111","author":"J Hallfrisch","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281019.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(86)90007-7","article-title":"Effects of diets high in simple sugars on urinary chromium losses","volume":"35","author":"AS Kozlovsky","year":"1986","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"pone.0281019.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2017.02.005","article-title":"Interactions of iron with manganese, zinc, chromium, and selenium as related to prophylaxis and treatment of iron deficiency","volume":"41","author":"G Bjorklund","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281019.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-0985-3","article-title":"The effects of supplementary Cr3 (chromium(III) propionate complex) on the mineral status in healthy female rats","volume":"180","author":"H Staniek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"pone.0281019.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxx036","article-title":"Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND)-Iron review","volume":"148","author":"S Lynch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281019.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.05.008","article-title":"Femoral bone structural geometry adapts to mechanical loading and is influenced by sex steroids: The Penn State Young Women\u2019s Health study","volume":"35","author":"MA Petit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281019.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01907-w","article-title":"Intranasal insulin enhances brain functional connectivity mediating the relationship between adiposity and subjective feeling of hunger","volume":"7","author":"S Kullmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281019.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30113-3","article-title":"Central nervous pathways of insulin action in the control of metabolism and food intake","volume":"8","author":"S Kullmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281019.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15686-y","article-title":"Brain insulin sensitivity is linked to adiposity and body fat distribution","volume":"11","author":"S Kullmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281019.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.4.1.1","article-title":"Insulin levels, hunger, and food intake: An example of feedback loops in body weight regulation","volume":"4","author":"J. Rodin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281019.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(85)90106-4","article-title":"Effect of insulin and glucose on feeding behavior","volume":"34","author":"J Rodin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"39","key":"pone.0281019.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9495","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402400v","article-title":"Stainless steel leaches nickel and chromium into foods during cooking","volume":"61","author":"KL Kamerud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"pone.0281019.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15606","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15606","article-title":"Chromium exposure and incidence of metabolic syndrome among American young adults over a 23-year follow-up: The CARDIA trace element study","volume":"5","author":"J Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281019.ref046","first-page":"111","article-title":"A physiological role of chromium (III) in glucose utilization (glucose tolerance factor)","volume":"20","author":"K Schwarz","year":"1961","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281019.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01318699","article-title":"Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition","volume":"31","author":"RO Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281019.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/30.4.531","article-title":"Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition","volume":"30","author":"KN Jeejeebhoy","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281019.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290310036012","article-title":"Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition","volume":"241","author":"H Freund","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281019.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-012-9571-5","article-title":"Bioavailability of chromium(III)-supplements in rats and humans","volume":"25","author":"N Laschinsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281019.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0125952","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125952","article-title":"Type 2 diabetic rats on diet supplemented with chromium malate show improved glycometabolism, glycometabolism-related enzyme levels and lipid metabolism","volume":"10","author":"W Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0281019.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126434","article-title":"The effects of chromium picolinate on glucose and lipid metabolism in running rats","volume":"58","author":"R Pala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281019.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2007.0292","article-title":"Effects of chromium picolinate on food intake and satiety","volume":"10","author":"SD Anton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281019.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E141","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190063","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Canadian adult population","volume":"191","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0281019.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2018-0567","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes prevalence among Canadian adults\u2014dietary habits and sociodemographic risk factors","volume":"44","author":"Z Hosseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"pone.0281019.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02784599","article-title":"Toxic effects of chromium and its compounds","volume":"32","author":"F. Baruthio","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281019.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700198a","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: Nickel, arsenic, and chromium","volume":"21","author":"K Salnikow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281019.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.3.948S","article-title":"Biomarkers of trace mineral intake and status","volume":"133","author":"M. Hambidge","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T18:35:24Z","timestamp":1674758124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281019"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Moran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]}}}