{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:25:36Z","timestamp":1760711136239,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shmunis Family Foundation","award":["Burial 16\/H\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Burial 16\/H\/45"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001741","name":"Dan David Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001741","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Society for Classical Studies, Women\u2019s Classical Caucus"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Here we present the paleopathological profiles of two young adult males, identified as brothers through ancient DNA analysis, who were buried together beneath the floor of an elite early Late Bronze Age I (ca. 1550\u20131450 BC) domestic structure at the urban center of Megiddo (modern Israel). Both individuals displayed uncommon morphological variants related to developmental conditions, and each exhibited extensive bone remodeling consistent with chronic infectious disease. Additionally, one brother had a healed fracture of the nose, as well as a large square piece of bone cut from the frontal bone (cranial trephination). We consider the potential etiologies for the appearance of the skeletal anomalies and lesions. Based on the bioarchaeological context, we propose that a shared epigenetic landscape predisposed the brothers to acquiring an infectious disease and their elite status privileged them enough to endure it. We then contextualize these potential illnesses and disorders with the trephination procedure. The infrequency of trephination in the region indicates that only selected individuals could access such a procedure, and the severity of the pathological lesions suggests the procedure was possibly intended as curative to deteriorating health. Ultimately, both brothers were buried with the same rites as others in their community, thus demonstrating their continued integration in society even after death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T18:23:48Z","timestamp":1677090228000},"page":"e0281020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cranial trephination and infectious disease in the Eastern Mediterranean: The evidence from two elite brothers from Late Bronze Megiddo, Israel"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7765-2352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel","family":"Kalisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa S.","family":"Cradic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9447-6277","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario A. S.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Finkelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281020.ref001","first-page":"119","article-title":"Megiddo","volume":"17","author":"Y Yadin","year":"1967","journal-title":"Isr Explor J"},{"key":"pone.0281020.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/030751334202800102","article-title":"The Battle of Megiddo","volume":"28","author":"RO Faulkner","year":"1942","journal-title":"J Egypt Archaeol"},{"key":"pone.0281020.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5195\/jwsr.2000.233","article-title":"Contested Peripheries in World Systems Theory: Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley as a Test Case*","volume":"6","author":"EH Cline","year":"2000","journal-title":"J World-Syst Res"},{"key":"pone.0281020.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1017\/CHOL9780521086912.005","volume-title":"The Cambridge Ancient History","author":"WF Albright","year":"1975"},{"volume-title":"Megiddo III: The 1992\u20131996 seasons","year":"2000","author":"AH Joffe","key":"pone.0281020.ref005"},{"key":"pone.0281020.ref006","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Megiddo V: The 2004\u20132008 Seasons","author":"E. 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