{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:53:50Z","timestamp":1790164430421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Early initiation of the first antenatal care visit provides a critical opportunity for health promotion, disease prevention, and curative care for women and their unborn fetuses. However, in developing countries, including Ethiopia, it is underutilized and most of the pregnant women didn\u2019t attend antenatal care visits during the first trimester (early). Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of early initiation of antenatal care visits and its determinants among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A secondary data analysis was done based on the 2019 intermediate Ethiopian demographic health survey. The data were weighted by sampling weight for probability sampling and non-response to restore the representativeness of the data and have valid statistical estimates. Then, a total weighted sample of 2,935 women aged 15\u201349\u2009years who gave birth in the five years preceding the survey and who had antenatal care visits for their last child was included. A multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model was fitted to examine the determinants of early initiation of first antenatal care visits. Finally, statistical significance was declared at a p-value &lt; 0.05.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, the overall magnitude of early initiation of the first antenatal care visit was 37.4% (95%CI: 34.6\u201340.2%). Women who attend higher education (AOR = 2.26: 95%CI; 1.36\u20133.77), medium wealth status (AOR = 1.80: 95%CI; 1.17\u20132.76), richer wealth status (AOR = 1.86: 95%CI; 1.21, 2.85), richest wealth status (AOR = 2.34: 95%CI; 1.43\u20133.83), living in Harari region (AOR = 2.24: 95%CI; 1.16\u20134.30), and living at Dire-Dawa city (AOR = 2.24: 95%CI; 1.16\u20134.30) were higher odds of early initiation of first ANC visits. However, women who were rural resident (AOR = 0.70: 95%CI; 0.59\u20130.93), household headed by male (AOR = 0.87: 95%CI; 0.72, 0.97), having \u2265 5 family size (AOR = 0.71: 95%CI; 0.55\u20130.93), and living in SNNPRs (AOR = 0.44: 95%CI; 0.23\u20130.84) were lower odds of early initiation of first ANC visits.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of early initiation of first antenatal care remains low in Ethiopia. Women\u2019s education, residence, wealth status, household head, having \u2265 5 family sizes, and region were determinants of early initiation of first antenatal care visits. Improving female education and women\u2019s empowerment through economic transitions with special attention given to rural and SNNPR regional state residents could maximize the early initiation of first antenatal care visits. Furthermore, to increase early antenatal care uptake, these determinants should be considered when designing new policies or updating policies and strategies on antenatal care uptake to help increase early attendance, which can help in the reduction of maternal and neonatal mortality and to achieve sustainable development goals 3 by 2030.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T18:29:12Z","timestamp":1678127352000},"page":"e0281038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Determinants of early initiation of first antenatal care visit in Ethiopia based on the 2019 Ethiopia mini-demographic and health survey: A multilevel analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8495-3022","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gossa Fetene","family":"Abebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melsew Setegn","family":"Alie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desalegn","family":"Girma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gosa","family":"Mankelkl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashenafi Assefa","family":"Berchedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilkal","family":"Negesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0281038.ref001","volume-title":"Millennium Development Goals Report","author":"U. Nations","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.08.013","article-title":"Setting the global health agenda: the influence of advocates and ideas on political priority for maternal and newborn survival.","volume":"166","author":"SL Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Social science & medicine"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref003","first-page":"2030","article-title":"Sustainable development goals","author":"G. Assembly","year":"2015","journal-title":"SDGs Transform Our World"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref004","volume-title":"Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division: executive summary","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0695-9","article-title":"Losing women along the path to safe motherhood: why is there such a gap between women\u2019s use of antenatal care and skilled birth attendance? A mixed methods study in northern Uganda","volume":"15","author":"E Anastasi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref006","unstructured":"UNICEF: Monitoring the situation of children and women. Available at; https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-survival\/stillbirths\/ Released at: October 2020."},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref007","unstructured":"UNICEF: Monitoring the situation of children and women. Available at; https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-survival\/neonatal-mortality\/ Released at Decemer 2021. 2021."},{"issue":"10057","key":"pone.0281038.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31333-2","article-title":"Quality maternity care for every woman, everywhere: a call to action","volume":"388","author":"M Koblinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-018-0110-y","article-title":"The effect of antenatal care follow-up on neonatal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"39","author":"AT Wondemagegn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public health reviews."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3987-0","article-title":"Pregnant women adherence level to antenatal care visit and its effect on perinatal outcome among mothers in Tigray public health institutions, 2017: cohort study.","volume":"11","author":"A Haftu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC research notes."},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref011","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","journal-title":"WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience: World Health Organization"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281038.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.168302","article-title":"Measuring the adequacy of antenatal health care: a national cross-sectional study in Mexico","volume":"94","author":"I Heredia-Pi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref013","first-page":"25","article-title":"Factors associated with late antenatal care booking: population based observations from the 2007 Zambia demographic and health survey","author":"N Sinyange","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Pan African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281038.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0126840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126840","article-title":"Adding content to contacts: measurement of high quality contacts for maternal and newborn health in Ethiopia, north east Nigeria, and Uttar Pradesh, India.","volume":"10","author":"T Marchant","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2216-8","article-title":"Facility delivery and postnatal care services use among mothers who attended four or more antenatal care visits in Ethiopia: further analysis of the 2016 demographic and health survey.","volume":"19","author":"GA Fekadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0281038.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e977","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30325-X","article-title":"Early antenatal care visit: a systematic analysis of regional and global levels and trends of coverage from 1990 to 2013","volume":"5","author":"A-B Moller","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2938-5","article-title":"Timing of first focused antenatal care booking and associated factors among pregnant mothers who attend antenatal care in Central Zone, Tigray, Ethiopia.","volume":"10","author":"G Gidey","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC research notes."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281038.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0184934","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184934","article-title":"Timing and adequate attendance of antenatal care visits among women in Ethiopia.","volume":"12","author":"S Yaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antenatal care in rural Bangladesh: current state of costs, content and recommendations for effective service delivery.","volume":"19","author":"Y Jo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC health services research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0412-4","article-title":"Delayed initiation of antenatal care and associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"14","author":"G Tesfaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproductive health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref021","article-title":"Prevention of congenital syphilis through antenatal screenings in Lusaka, Zambia: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"F Akhtar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.107623","article-title":"Untreated maternal syphilis and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"GB Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281038.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(01)00471-7","article-title":"The perinatal outcome of pregnancy without prenatal care: A retrospective study in Szeged, Hungary.","volume":"100","author":"H Orvos","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281038.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3126\/njog.v6i2.6755","article-title":"Impact of antenatal care on maternal and perinatal utcome: a study at Nepal medical college teaching hospital.","volume":"6","author":"H Tuladhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nepal journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-121","article-title":"Timing and reasons for coming late for the first antenatal care visit by pregnant women at Mulago hospital, Kampala Uganda.","volume":"13","author":"I Kisuule","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169304","article-title":"Reducing maternal deaths in Ethiopia: results of an intervention Programme in Southwest Ethiopia.","volume":"12","author":"B Lindtj\u00f8rn","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref027","first-page":"310","volume":"115","author":"L Pearson","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics User fees and maternity services in Ethiopia BMC pregnancy and childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref028","unstructured":"USAID. USAID invests in improving the quality of maternal and child health services across the country. Available at: https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/ethiopia\/global-health\/maternal-and-child-health. Released on July 12, 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-352","article-title":"The role of health extension workers in improving utilization of maternal health services in rural areas in Ethiopia: a cross sectional study.","volume":"12","author":"A Medhanyie","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC health services research."},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref030","article-title":"Ethiopia health extension program: an institutionalized community approach for universal health coverage: World Bank Publications;","author":"H Wang","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref031","article-title":"Ethiopia demographic and health survey, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, USA.","author":"Central statistical agency (CSA)[Ethiopia] and ICF","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0281038.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0235538","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235538","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of delayed first antenatal care booking among reproductive age women in Ethiopia; a multilevel analysis of EDHS 2016 data.","volume":"15","author":"AB Teshale","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS one."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0262411","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262411","article-title":"Timely initiation of antenatal care and its associated factors among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: A multicountry analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys.","volume":"17","author":"AZ Alem","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S255009","article-title":"Factors Associated with Timely Antenatal Care Booking Among Pregnant Women in Remote Area of Bule Hora District, Southern Ethiopia.","volume":"12","author":"G Tufa","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4314\/star.v3i1.17","article-title":"Factors associated with late initiation of antenatal care among pregnant women attending antenatal Clinic at Public Health Centers in Kembata Tembaro zone, southern Ethiopia.","volume":"3","author":"T Tekelab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science, Technology and Arts Research Journal."},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref036","volume-title":"Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey 2019: key indicators","author":"ICF Institute EPH","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281038.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023473","article-title":"A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: linking the statistical concept of clustering to the idea of contextual phenomenon.","volume":"59","author":"J Merlo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.02.047","article-title":"Does antenatal care matter in the use of skilled birth attendance in rural Africa: a multi-country analysis.","volume":"86","author":"V Adjiwanou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social science & medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281038.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14599","article-title":"WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience-going beyond survival.","volume":"124","author":"\u04e6 Tun\u00e7alp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281038.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e032960","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032960","article-title":"Antenatal care booking within the first trimester of pregnancy and its associated factors among pregnant women residing in an urban area: a cross-sectional study in Debre Berhan town, Ethiopia.","volume":"10","author":"T Kolola","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref041","article-title":"Factors associated with late antenatal care initiation in an Ethiopian clinic","author":"W. Ewnetu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-287","article-title":"Timing and factors associated with first antenatal care booking among pregnant mothers in Gondar Town; North West Ethiopia.","volume":"14","author":"TW Gudayu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth."},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref043","article-title":"Early initiation of antenatal care and factors associated with early antenatal care initiation at health facilities in southern Ethiopia.","volume":"2017","author":"MB Geta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281038.ref044","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of early antenatal care visit among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Debre Berhan Health Institutions, Central Ethiopia.","volume":"17","author":"AM Zegeye","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1748-7","article-title":"DELAY on first antenatal care visit and its associated factors among pregnant women in public health facilities of Debre Markos town, North West Ethiopia.","volume":"18","author":"AA Ewunetie","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281038.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v27i2.6","article-title":"Timing of first antenatal care visit and its associated factors among pregnant women attending public health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","volume":"27","author":"H Gulema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethiopian journal of health sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0930-z","article-title":"The adequacy of antenatal care services among slum residents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","volume":"16","author":"YT Bayou","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0745-2","article-title":"Late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women in Addis Zemen primary hospital, South Gondar, Ethiopia.","volume":"16","author":"HF Wolde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproductive health."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-2738-0","article-title":"Factors associated with the timing of antenatal clinic attendance among first-time mothers in rural southern Ghana.","volume":"20","author":"AK Manyeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth."},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00242","article-title":"Timing of first antenatal care (ANC) and inequalities in early initiation of ANC in Nepal.","volume":"5","author":"YR Paudel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in public health."},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref051","volume-title":"WHO antenatal care randomized trial: manual for the implementation of the new model.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S250832","article-title":"Individual, household, and contextual factors influencing the timing of the first antenatal care attendance in Northwest Ethiopia: a two-level binary logistic regression analysis.","volume":"12","author":"AA Emiru","year":"2020","journal-title":"International journal of women\u2019s health"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2147\/POR.S140733","article-title":"Factors associated with late ANC initiation among pregnant women in select public health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: unmatched case\u2013control study design.","volume":"8","author":"K Gebrekidan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pragmatic and observational research."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281038.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20160926","article-title":"Late initiation of antenatal care and its determinants: a hospital based cross-sectional study.","volume":"3","author":"TZ Aung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref055","article-title":"Late antenatal care booking and its predictors among pregnant women in South Western Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"D Adekanle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0281038.ref056","first-page":"317","article-title":"Determinants of first antenatal care visit by pregnant women at community based education, research and service sites in Northern Uganda","volume":"91","author":"M Turyasiima","year":"2014","journal-title":"East African medical journal"},{"issue":"9458","key":"pone.0281038.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17872-6","article-title":"Taking action to improve women\u2019s health through gender equality and women\u2019s empowerment.","volume":"365","author":"C Grown","year":"2005","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"key":"pone.0281038.ref058","first-page":"27","article-title":"Factors determining late antenatal care booking and the content of care among pregnant mother attending antenatal care services in East Wollega administrative zone, West Ethiopia.","author":"E Ejeta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-017-0067-8","article-title":"Why do pregnant women present late for their first antenatal care consultation in Cameroon?","volume":"3","author":"PN Tolefac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maternal health, neonatology and perinatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4369-6","article-title":"Client experiences with antenatal care waiting times in southern Mozambique.","volume":"19","author":"E Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC health services research."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref061","first-page":"163","article-title":"Costs and patterns of financing maternal health care services in rural communities in northern Nigeria: evidence for designing national fee exemption policy","volume":"2","author":"NN Kalu-Umeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of MCH and AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2550-x","article-title":"Antenatal care use in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis.","volume":"19","author":"TK Tegegne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref063","article-title":"Factors affecting antenatal care utilization in Yem special woreda, southwestern Ethiopia.","volume":"19","author":"B Tewodros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of health sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0281038.ref064","first-page":"84","article-title":"The influence of husbands\u2019 approval on women\u2019s use of prenatal care: results from Yirgalem and Jimma towns, south west Ethiopia.","volume":"20","author":"BT Biratu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development"},{"issue":"003","key":"pone.0281038.ref065","article-title":"Antenatal care service utilization and its associated factors among mothers who gave live birth in the past one year in Womberma Woreda, North West Ethiopia.","volume":"2","author":"G Mulat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiology (sunnyvale) S."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0246230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246230","article-title":"Late initiation of antenatal care and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of Ilu Ababor Zone, southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"16","author":"W Tola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281038.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-290","article-title":"Assessing predictors of delayed antenatal care visits in Rwanda: a secondary analysis of Rwanda demographic and health survey 2010.","volume":"14","author":"A Manzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC pregnancy and childbirth."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T18:30:07Z","timestamp":1678127407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281038"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Demisu Zenbaba","family":"Heyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0281038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]}}}