{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:39:59Z","timestamp":1791430799780,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82101382 to FLY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101382 to FLY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008843","name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GK11135091121 to FLY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GK11135091121 to FLY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Palmitic acid (PA) is considered a major contributor to the inflammation in many metabolic diseases; however, this role has been questioned recently for the complicated procedures in preparing PA-bovine serum albumin (BSA) complex. This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of PA-BSA complexing methods on cell viability and inflammatory responses of BV-2 cells. Three commercially available BSA brands and two types of solvents were compared for their effects on the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Three commonly used proportions of PA-BSA were tested for cell viability and inflammatory responses. We found that all the three types of BSA were proinflammatory. Both ethanol and isopropanol dampened inflammation except that 1% isopropanol treatment increased the IL-1\u03b2 level by 26%. When reducing the BSA content in PA-BSA solutions from 3:1 to 5:1, a marked increase in cell viability (11%) was seen. To our surprise, reducing BSA content in PA-BSA solutions from 5:1 to 10:1 decreased cell viability by 11%. The 5:1 group exhibited the lowest inflammatory profile. Either PA-BSA or BSA alone increased the entry of LPS to the cytosol, which further caused pyroptosis. In summary, we found 5:1 (PA:BSA) to be the best binding ratio for studying inflammation in BV-2 microglia. The presence of LPS in the cytosol in the context of BSA might be the reason for confounding results from palmitate studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T17:56:34Z","timestamp":1682013394000},"page":"e0281189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Palmitate lipotoxicity is closely associated with the fatty acid-albumin complexes in BV-2 microglia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yanzhuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingting","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuisu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-0136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Falei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0281189.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.11.018","article-title":"Microglia dictate the impact of saturated fat consumption on hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal function","volume":"9","author":"M Valdearcos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0281189.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-009-0087-5","article-title":"Fatty acid composition of frontal, temporal and parietal neocortex in the normal human brain and in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"T Fraser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0281189.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.08.016","article-title":"Metabolic and non-cognitive manifestations of alzheimer\u2019s disease: The hypothalamus as both culprit and target of pathology","volume":"22","author":"M Ishii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0281189.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)42649-5","article-title":"Binding of long-chain fatty acids to bovine serum albumin","volume":"10","author":"AA Spector","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0281189.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115149","article-title":"Fatty acid distribution in systems modeling the normal and diabetic human circulation. 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