{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T07:45:13Z","timestamp":1789026313990,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004348","name":"Stockholms L\u00e4ns Landsting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009389","name":"Stiftelsen Promobilia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008590","name":"STROKE-Riksf\u00f6rbundet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visuospatial and executive impairments have been associated with poor activity performance sub-acute after stroke. Potential associations long-term and in relation to outcome of rehabilitation interventions need further exploration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore associations between visuospatial and executive function and 1) activity performance (mobility, self-care and domestic life) and 2) outcome after 6 weeks of conventional gait training and\/or robotic gait training, long term (1\u201310 years) after stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants (n = 45), living with stroke affecting walking ability and who could perform the items assessing visuospatial\/executive function included in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA Vis\/Ex) were included as part of a randomized controlled trial. Executive function was evaluated using ratings by significant others according to the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX); activity performance using 6-minute walk test (6MWT), 10-meter walk test (10MWT), Berg balance scale, Functional Ambulation Categories, Barthel Index and Stroke Impact Scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MoCA Vis\/Ex was significantly associated with baseline activity performance, long-term after stroke (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>= .34-.69,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; .05). In the conventional gait training group, MoCA Vis\/Ex explained 34% of the variance in 6MWT after the six-week intervention (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.017) and 31% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.032) at the 6 month follow up, which indicate that a higher MoCA Vis\/Ex score enhanced the improvement. The robotic gait training group presented no significant associations between MoCA Vis\/Ex and 6MWT indicating that visuospatial\/executive function did not affect outcome. Rated executive function (DEX) presented no significant associations to activity performance or outcome after gait training.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visuospatial\/executive function may significantly affect activity performance and the outcome of rehabilitation interventions for impaired mobility long-term after stroke and should be considered in the planning of such interventions. Patients with severely impaired visuospatial\/executive function may benefit from robotic gait training since improvement was seen irrespective of visuospatial\/executive function. These results may guide future larger studies on interventions targeting long-term walking ability and activity performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec006\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>clinicaltrials.gov (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02545088\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT02545088<\/jats:ext-link>) August 24, 2015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T18:33:32Z","timestamp":1678386812000},"page":"e0281212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The impact of visuospatial and executive function on activity performance and outcome after robotic or conventional gait training, long-term after stroke\u2014as part of a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Bergqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8700-5186","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marika C","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bj\u00f6rklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rgen","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5337-2092","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susanne","family":"Palmcrantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10159","key":"pone.0281212.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Collaborators GDaH","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0281212.ref002","volume-title":"Physical management in neurological rehabilitation","author":"M. 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